透過您的圖書館登入
IP:54.211.203.45
  • 期刊

在華英人間的文化衝突:上海“運動家”對抗“鳥類屠害者”,1890-1920

Cultural Conflicts in the British Community in China: Shanghai "Sportsmen" vs. the "Bird Slaughterers", 1890-1920

摘要


迄今已有許多學者從性別、種族、殖民主義等角度來研究狩獵與人類及自然的三角關係,而其中相當研究成果顯示狩獵與近代帝國主義文化,及十九世紀末以來全球自然保育觀念的推行,密不可分,例如,John M. MacKenzi一系列相關研究便指出,近代大英帝國菁英在非洲及印度殖民地的狩獵,有著展示白人霸權、整批移植本國文化與價值觀等多重意義。本文將延續狩獵與近代文化的論著,把討論重心移至英國非正式帝國的邊緣-上海,以十九、二十世紀之交當地英人社群爲例,剖析殖民社會內部因狩獵概念不同而產生的文化衝突,意圖呈現殖民社會與殖民文化的複雜性,以及外人在中國鳥類保育方面所扮演的曖昧角色。 本文發現在上海殖民社會中,射獵(shooting)被用來作爲維繫社群的手段,有超過其表象行爲的深刻意涵。射獵不只是一種娛樂,更是行爲準則,換言之,這才是「正確」的行爲,它是一種「運動」,雉鳥、松雞、山鷂等是值得誇耀的戰利品,是被征服、佔有與保護的對象,並非牟利的商品。這樣的價值觀,自然與英商和記洋行(International Export Company)自中國獵人手中收購成千上萬的野禽出口,賣給倫敦的老饕大快朵頤,大相逕庭,進而出現衝突。本文將以四小節解析這個案例,分別是上海英人社群的結構與內涵,外人在長江流域射獵的區域、方法、普及程度與重要性,以及1899年、1914年及1917年的三次護鳥運動。在外人社群與和記洋行對峙的過程中,上海外人稱和記爲「鳥類屠害者」(the bird slaughterer),和記則直斥外人社群僞善,稱不上是真正的「運動家」(sportsmen)。結論將說明這些衝突在殖民文化中的意涵,以及今日我們對大自然及動物的看法,與近代帝國主義文化與價值觀其實密切相關。

並列摘要


Hunting is an excellent subject for anlyzing the relationship between people and nature. Much research has been done from the gender, racial and imperial perspectives. John M. MacKenzie, for example, argues plausibly in his works on the British Empire and the hunting cult that during the nineteenth century hunting had become a central part of the imperial culture. Not only did this cult fascinate the people at home but it pervaded the overseas British communities. Its influence was most strongly reflected in the mentality of British people living in colonies in Africa and India. This paper continues this line of observation but shifts the focus to an arguable periphery of the British informal empire, i.e. Shanghai. It argues that the conflict between recreational hunting and commercial hunting existed not only between the colonisty and the colonized, but also among the colonizers themselves. Moreover, shooting in Shanghai was more than a mere sport or recreation. It was used as a means to help binding the colonial society together. In a tiny settlement of Shanghai surrounded by millions of Chinese, shooting wild pheasants and other game birds was a British self-expression and a norm of behavior. The transgressor could not be tolerated. Thus it led to serious conflicts between the Shanghai ”sportsmen” and the International Export Company (IEC), one of the British companies exporting game birds from China to Britain. This paper will first introduce the structure of the British community in Shanghai between the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, then discuss their shooting practices in the Yangtze region, and finally focus on the bird preservation campaigns led by the Shanghai sportsmen in 1899, 1914 and 1917. During these campaigns, IEC was targeted and labelled the ”bird slaughterers” while the hypocrisy of the Shanghai ”sportsman” community was exposed by IEC's rebuttal. In the conclusion, we will discuss the meanings of these conflicts in the light of the colonial culture as well as how our relationship with nature today is related to such culture and values.

參考文獻


上海市檔案館
North China Herald and Supreme Court and Consular Gazette, 1899-1941.
Public Record Office.
Altherr, Thomas L.,Reiger, John F.(1995).Academic Historians and Hunting: A Call for More and Better Scholarship.Environmental History View.19(3),39-56.
Bickers, Robert A.(1999).Britain in China: Community, Culture and Colonialism 1900-1949.

被引用紀錄


張慧真(2003)。近代中國避暑地的形成與發展〔碩士論文,國立臺灣師範大學〕。華藝線上圖書館。https://www.airitilibrary.com/Article/Detail?DocID=U0021-2603200719140034

延伸閱讀