從「滿洲國」時期的農村調查探究雇工與農村社會的關係

近代以後，滿洲農村與中國其他地區的農村有所不同之外，滿洲內各地（南滿、北滿）不僅在自然環境與經濟情況上有所差異，在農村結構、農業經營方式及技術等各方面也大不相同。由於歷史發展過程和自然環境的關係，雇工成為了滿洲不可缺陷的農業勞動力。而且，滿洲雇工農戶之多超出同一時期中國其他區域，其獨特性一目瞭然。然而，過去的研究卻沒能對滿洲的雇工進行充分的探討。本文主要從雇工農戶遷移時所見的社會關係進行分析，並且探討「滿洲國」時期農村社會的特徵及其變遷。主要使用的史料是，「滿洲國」時期由日本人在滿洲進行的各種農村調查的報告書。這些報告書不僅數量龐大，內容也相當詳細。由於當時中國方面的調查幾乎未能在東北進行，所以這些日文調查報告書是了解該時期農村社會的唯一線索。本文首先將這些農村調查進行概括性的整理後，滿洲雇工的實際情況，尤其著力於雇工農戶的遷居，包括遷移的理由、途徑，以及所看到的生活情況和農村社會關係進行探討。

關鍵字

滿洲；滿洲農村實態調查；雇工；遷移；社會關係

並列摘要

Early modern Manchuria experienced a significantly different kind of historical development compared to the rest of China. Not only were Manchurian villages different from their counterparts in China proper, but even within Manchuria there were significant differences in ecology and economic conditions, the structure of rural communities, and agricultural management and technologies. One of the most striking socioeconomic differences between Manchuria and China proper, however, was the high proportion of agricultural wage laborers. As a result of its singular uniqueness, the issue of agricultural wage labor in Manchuria is often overlooked in studies of early modern China. This paper focuses on analyzing the social relations that played an important role in agricultural laborer migration, as a way to investigate the unique characteristics and changes in rural society in the Manchukuo period (1931-1945). My primary sources are the reports of village surveys conducted by Japanese investigators in Manchuria during the time of Manchukuo. These reports contain large volumes of extremely detailed data on Manchuria's rural economy and society, and are some of the few sources available for understanding rural Manchurian society at that time. In addition to a brief overview of these village surveys, this paper primarily focuses on the migration of agricultural laborers, including their reported reasons for moving and the paths they traveled, in order to explore the living conditions and social relations of this predominant group in Manchurian rural society.