巡弋失樂園：大理觀音佛國的政治建構

The Paradise Lost: the Construction of Guanyin Kingdom at Dali

李玉珍(Li, Yu-Chen)

《臺灣宗教研究》 10卷2期 (2011/12) Pp. 3-34

摘要

中國中古世紀時，化外之地的南詔大理以觀音轉輪王建立起南方佛國，而其圖象歷史《張勝溫畫卷》則具體鋪陳了此一佛教王國的疆域構成。蒼山環繞洱海的大理地區聖化為佛教妙香國，觀音化的南詔大理國王坐鎮其中，以佛教王權凝聚其部族社會。《張勝溫畫卷》弔詭地以圖象「書寫」這段聖俗不分的歷史，在20世紀中葉學術氛圍改變後，以及複雜的脈絡成為雲南白族的重要研究課題。本文梳理了相關民族學、歷史、藝術史、佛教史的相關研究成果，也發現《張勝溫畫卷》複雜脈絡中，編織了佛教普世王國與當地的佛教風俗。《張勝溫畫卷》的包羅萬象的博物館收藏方式，基本上是彰顯南詔大理的觀音轉輪王，所以出現民族觀音阿嵯耶、段氏王朝的真身與易長觀音。但是藝術品張羅的神聖空間，卻與現實中段氏政權旁落的不堪相去甚遠，反諷的是段氏企圖藉《張勝溫畫卷》宣告的神聖王權，成了白族觀音王逃避的烏托邦。政權與教權之間，固然存在合作衝突等種種關係，《張勝溫畫卷》保留了佛教王權地方化以及被架空的過程。

關鍵字

南詔大理 ； 張勝溫畫卷 ； 佛教王權 ； 觀音轉輪王 ； 圖象與歷史

並列摘要

In this paper I will focus on how and why the Long Roll presents the Dali kingship in the format of Buddhist cakravartin, as well as the conceptualization of the Buddhist ideal kingship of the Dali peoples. The Scroll of Buddhist Images was dedicated to the Emperor Lizhen (利貞 , r. 1172-1200) by the Eminent Monk Minister Zheng Shengwen (張勝溫) from the Dali kingdom (大理國, 937-1253) during the years of 1173 and 1176. Generally, the scroll is known as the Long Roll for its size: 12 inches high and 153 feet long, including 628 figures in 136 plates. The Long Roll reveals the very complex process by which Buddhism became the official religious ideology to synthesize the various political and social forms in the-thirteenth-century Dali, Yunnan. Through the Yunnanesc cakravartin, the royal consecration vivifies these deities and constructs a meaningful cosmic order for the Dali kingdom. The consecration of the kingship (its transformation into the career of cakravartin) is a dynamic public exhibition of individual conversion and also represents a communal experience of the process of religious assimilation.

並列關鍵字

Nanzhao and Dali Kingdoms ； the Long Roll ； Buddhist kingship ； Avalokitesvara cakravartin ； Images and history