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A Critique of Sources for the Notion of Sex and Gender in Judith Butler's Early Work
試論茱蒂絲‧巴特勒(Judith Butler)性別理論之建構起源與策略
摘要
This paper focuses on Judith Butler's critical relationships with three French thinkers before and during the time of writing Gender Trouble: Simone de Beauvoir, Monique Wittig, and Michael Foucault. I propose that Butler has thoughtfully built the foundation for her own theory of sex and gender by appropriating, assimilating, and challenging Beauvoir, Wittig, and Foucault. In addition to scrutinizing how Butler incorporates and disputes with each of these three thinkers, I will also point out what I believe to be her critical contradictions or oversights. Interestingly, even while Butler openly acknowledges that Gender Trouble is rooted in French theory, a large portion of French society who opposed gay marriage during unprecedented demonstrations in 2012 and 2013, have targeted Butler as an ＂invader＂ and ＂terrorist,＂ armed with gender conspiracies and a ＂gender ideology.＂ Even though concepts of sex and gender are viewed differently today from how they were understood in the past, I believe Butler's ideas and her theory of sex and gender are still relevant in this age of the Internet, when one's sexual and gender identities can be a matter of choice and where a diverse spectrum of gender identities have increasingly emerged in real life.
並列摘要
茱蒂絲．巴特勒(Judith Butler)之《性-別惑亂—女性主義與身分顛覆》(Gender Trouble)，自1990年出版後，立即引起各界熱烈關注與討論，更推動酷兒理論與性別議題的研究熱潮，至今仍受許多研究領域之重視與運用。值得注意的是：在科技與網路發達的今日世界，即使性別與性別議題早已更為複雜且多元化，巴特勒及其論述在當代社會仍然扮演極為重要的角色。除了學術界，巴特勒的性別論述至今仍帶給梵蒂岡高度的壓力與困擾，而近年在法國巴黎舉行的多次大規模反同性婚姻示威活動，更視巴特勒的性別論述為文化與思想侵略，認為對法國社會造成動盪與不安。事實上，巴特勒之性別論述深受法國哲學家與思想家的影響。本文主要探討巴特勒在建立其性別論述之初期，如何受到法國三位重要學者：西蒙．波娃，莫尼克．維蒂格以及傅柯的影響。本文認為：透過對這三位法國思想家的討論、批評、修正與整合，巴特勒逐漸發展出其性別理論的脈絡與觀點。此外，本文也針對巴特勒如何混淆與混用上述三學者的問題提出質疑與探討。