地窖裡的笑聲：〈賽克羅普斯〉中的修辭過剩與病徵國族主義

Laughter in the Dungeon: Rhetorical Excess and Symptomatic Nationalism in ＂Cyclops＂

許靜瑛(Ching-ying Hsu)

《中外文學》 46卷4期 (2017/12) Pp. 97-130

https://doi.org/10.6637/CWLQ.201712_46(4).0004

摘要

本文詮釋〈賽克羅普斯〉（＂Cyclops＂）章節中，喬伊斯（James Joyce）如何透過敘述斷裂、離題、誇張、修辭過剩（rhetorical excess）、文體驟變等等炫目難解的手法探索病徵國族主義、從屬主體（subaltern subject）的處境與政治倫理議題（ethico-political problematic）。本文以精神分析對驅力經濟（libidinal economy）和幻見（fantasy）的分析觀點出發，參考拉岡（Jacques Lacan）、齊傑克（Slavoj Zizek）、阿甘本（Giorgio Agamben）等人的論述，分析敘述斷裂與修辭過剩等手法造成的再現效果與讀者美學感受。喬伊斯透過修辭過剩展現愛爾蘭特殊的病徵國族主義。它一方面癱瘓都柏林市民，又令其沉醉其中的享樂。論者不應只探討反諷對象，而應進一步探討敘述實驗如何完成批判、有何政治倫理效果。本文主張修辭過剩文體實驗乃是一種美學上的驅魔儀式，試圖對病徵國族主義進行類似精神分析式的文學病徵消解（literary working through of fantasy）。喬伊斯的敘述至少可分三層，第一是寫實主義式的再現（realistic representation）、第二層次是顛覆寫實再現的修辭過剩敘述、第三層次是修辭過剩的內爆（implosion）。藉此敘述實驗手法喬伊斯試圖書寫國族創痛及其病徵，分析並瓦解敘述流動當中的認同與幻見，藉此完成歷史夢魘的驅魔儀式，為從屬主體的未來尋找嶄新的可能性。

關鍵字

〈賽克羅普斯〉 ； 喬伊斯 ； 拉岡 ； 齊傑克 ； 修辭過剩 ； 病徵國族主義 ； 文學幻見／病徵消解

並列摘要

The present article takes Joyce's literary experiment in ＂Cyclops＂ as an arrangement deployed through the narrative by the Nameless One that juxtaposes with the rhetorical excess of interpolated digressions. Rather than focusing on what is being parodied and mocked in the narrative clashes as previous Joyce criticism has done, this article examines how the critique through parodies is carried out and attempts to identify the libidinal mechanism in the narrative experiment. Drawing on Lacan, I argue that Joyce conducts a literary traversal of fantasy, a working through of symptomatic nationalism through such an experimental, narrative juxtaposition. Joyce's narrative experiment is triple-layered: (1) realistic representation, (2) excessive narrative interpolations that threaten/destabilise realistic representation, and (3) the implosion of rhetorical excess as it runs out of control. I read this triple-layered narrative manoeuvre in terms of Lacan's theory of the look and the gaze, of fantasy and the traversal of fantasy. This psychoanalytic interpretation of ＂fantasmatic＂ working yields an alternative reading of ＂Cyclops＂ and identifies the ethico-political significance of Joyce's aesthetic enterprise.

並列關鍵字

＂Cyclops,＂ James Joyce ； Jacques Lacan ； Slavoj Zizek ； rhetorical excess ； symptomatic nationalism ； literary working through of fantasy

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