農糧作物品種授權態樣研究分析

Analysis of Varying Licensing Patterns of Agricultural Crops

陳仁惠(Jen-Huei Chen) ； 陳琮元(Tsung-Yuan Chen) ； 黃子彬(Tzu-Bin Huang) ； 李國基(Gou-Chi Lee)

《台灣農學會報》 21卷2期 (2020/11) Pp. 118-138

https://doi.org/10.6730/JAAT.202011_21(2).0003

摘要

本研究主要探討農糧作物品種授權態樣與作物特性之關係，依作物種類將793件作物品種授權案件區分為糧食與雜糧、蔬菜、果樹、花卉以及特用作物等五大類，分別探討不同作物類別授權態樣之差異。結果顯示，農糧作物品種以有組織化的團體或公司行號為主要的授權對象，占所有案件75%，授權方式以國內非專屬授權為主。不同作物類別因作物特性、產銷模式的差異，而突顯出其個別的授權態樣。糧食與雜糧涉及民生必需，且仰賴規模化的產銷發揮經濟效益，故以非專屬授權農會與糧商公司居多，占糧食雜糧類案件之65%。雜交種蔬菜有77%係授權給種苗商，但可自行留種者則以授權直接生產者為主，且同樣以規模栽培的生產者居多。果樹大多可無性繁殖，主要授權直接生產者，占果樹類案件之80%，但依授權方式不同，非專屬授權以個別農民為主，專屬授權則以種苗商及農會較多。花卉部分雖然同樣以非專屬授權為主，但可明顯看出讓與比例遠高於其他作物別，且有不少以品系或雜交後代單株等育種半成品授權之案例，尤其蘭科作物。特用作物中以茶樹品種授權全數採專屬授權最為特殊。綜合本研究結果，未來農糧作品種授權時，應考量依不同作物之栽培應用特性、繁殖方法、主要授權對象、授權運用模式等，規劃更符合產業需求之授權條件，以期使研發成果運用效益最大化。

關鍵字

作物品種 ； 技術授權 ； 授權策略規劃

並列摘要

This study investigated the differences in licensing patterns and the relationship between crop characteristics and licensing modes of major agricultural crops. A total of 793 cases were divided into 5 categories, i.e. food crops and upland crops, vegetables, fruits, ornamentals, and special crops. Licensing area, mode, purpose, product type, production model and licensee were investigated and analyzed. The results show that the most common patterns of agricultural crop licensing are non-exclusive licensing, and major licenses (75% of all cases) for companies or organized groups. Different crops highlight individual licensing patterns due to different crop specificities and production modes. Food crops and upland crops are the staple of the diet and are necessary for people's livelihood. They also depend on large-scale production and marketing to exert economic benefits. Consequently, non-exclusive licensing to large-scale producers accounted for the majority, 65%, of food crops and upland crops cases. Most licenses of F1 hybrid vegetables were for seed companies, which accounted for 77% of vegetable crops cases. In contrast, those species for which farmers can reserve seeds by themselves are mainly licensed to producers directly. Most of the fruits are clone lines and can be propagated asexually; thus the percentage of licensing to producers reached 80%. Non-exclusive licensing is for individual growers and exclusive licensing is for nursery companies or farmers' associations. Although ornamentals also mainly receive non-exclusive licensing, the percentage of assignment cases is much higher than those of other crops. In addition, breeding lines or individual progeny from crossing can be licensed out directly, particularly in orchids. Tea is a special crop in that all varieties are licensed exclusively. Based on the results of this research, a better licensing model for agricultural crop varieties can be developed in the future to meet the requirements of the industry and create maximum benefit for R&D results.

並列關鍵字

Crop variety ； technology licensing ； licensing strategic planning

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