地權社群與地方體制能力：理解中國大陸農村徵地衝突

Land Rights Communities and Local Regime's Ability: Understanding the Land Confiscation Conflict in Rural China

陶逸駿(Yi-Chun Tao)

《中國大陸研究》 58卷4期 (2015/12) Pp. 39-70

https://doi.org/10.30389/MCS.201512_58(4).0002

摘要

中國大陸經濟發展進程中，大量農地面臨轉制，徵地過程卻常見衝突耗損。本文旨在理解此類現象與體制運作過程機制，並透過實地參與觀察及案例比較指出：產權衝突不僅在於正式法規缺陷、村集體退化，或者村民自治結社不足，更需考量鄉村政治社會歷史脈絡、社群和基層行政的動態連結，乃至地方體制的策略及能力。農地產權在基層社群脈絡中形成，進而以融合傳統村社、差序格局與現代制度元素的「地權社群」實踐政治經濟生活。若地權社群具較高自治力，卻未能充分連結基層行政集體，將萌生誘發衝突不穩的「維權性」。一旦社群行動浮現，而地方體制未及施展相應減壓能力，則衝突過程將形塑產權認知更一致、行動更鮮明的社群。地方體制從而在上下壓力間適應、求索、學習、軟硬兼施。當體制掌握更多訊息，能力更加強大，所能選擇的策略也愈益多元。群眾工作、信訪封鎖、傳媒管控、消耗分化、暴力壓制等策略的交互運用，能夠削弱社群維權性。而行政權責調整則使省、市級決策得以隱身體制背後，從而實現對政權整體的自我保護。

關鍵字

中國農村 ； 徵地 ； 維權 ； 地權社群

並列摘要

In the process of economic development in China, there are a lot of land-incurred disputes in rural land tansformation, especially in negotiating compensation. According to fieldworks in the Qin Village, these property conflicts are not only caused by flaws in formal regulations and arrangements of rural land, breakdowns of collective groups, or the lack of village self-governance association, but by political, social and historical contexts, local community's connections with authority, and local authority's capability and strategy for dealing with conflict. The villagers' land rights consciousness is formed under local communities. The author uses the concept of Land Rights Communities to combine elements of traditional communities and modern institutions. When land rights communities with capacity of self-governance are in loose association with the local authority, conflicts are mitigated. When conflicts occurred, evolved, and not dealt with properly by authority, Land Rights Communities will restructure and consolidate themselves into stronger entities with more coherent identities and radical activism. Meanwhile, local authorities are sandwiched between pressure from upper and lower institutions; so they have to explore, adapt and learn how to survive as well. If local authorities have advantageous capabilities and use correct strategies, they are more capable to exercise threat, bribe, and information control techniques to paralyze Land Rights Communities. In the meantime, provincial and municipal authorities could evade themselves from conflicts, and achieve self-protection for the whole regime.

並列關鍵字

Rural China ； Land Requisition ； Rights Protection ； Land Rights Communities

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