歐盟與美國外資安全審查機制之比較研究

A Comparative Study of the EU and the US Approaches in Screening Foreign Direct Investment on Security Grounds

李貴英(Catherine Li)

《歐美研究》 51卷3期 (2021/09) Pp. 597-651

https://doi.org/10.7015/JEAS.202109_51(3).0005

摘要

近年來越來越多國家採用外資安全審查機制，以保護其國家利益與安全。2016年中國美的集團收購德國工業機器人製造商庫卡公司之事件，引發有關安全與尖端技術移轉之熱烈爭論。2017年美國總統川普以國家安全為由否准一家中國大陸支持之投資人對萊迪思半導體公司之收購案。該等案件被視為歐盟與美國進行制度改革之動機。本文擬就歐盟2019/452號規則與美國外人投資風險審查現代化法案進行分析，檢視歐盟與美國如何處理外人投資涉及安全及∕或公共秩序之問題，並比較美國與歐盟因應之道。歐盟與美國共同面臨之挑戰，乃是如何堅守市場開放原則，同時採取有效措施因應外資所帶來之潛在安全威脅，並避免暴露機制之弱點。

關鍵字

外人直接投資審查 ； 國家安全 ； 公共秩序 ； 外人投資風險審查現代化法案 ； 歐盟2019/452號規則

並列摘要

There are an increasing number of countries taking recourse to the FDI screening mechanism to protect their national interests and security. The 2016 acquisition of German industrial robot maker Kuka AG by China's Midea Group Co. led to heated debate over security and the transfer of cutting-edge technologies. In 2017, U.S. President Donald Trump blocked a Chinese-backed investor from buying Lattice Semiconductor Corporation on national security grounds. These deals are believed to be behind regulatory changes in both the EU and the US. This paper examines trends in the EU and the US to frame FDI as a potential security threat. Taking Regulation (EU) 2019/452 for screening FDI and US Foreign Investment Risk Review Modernization Act (FIRRMA) as the regulatory background, this paper aims to juxtapose American and European approaches to investment security to clarify how the EU and US seek to tackle the security and/or public order implications of foreign investment. The challenge for both is to stay true to their principles of openness while adopting efficient measures addressing security concerns in order to prevent those principles from turning into a strategic vulnerability.

並列關鍵字

FDI screening ； national security ； public order ； Foreign Investment Risk Review Modernization Act (FIRRMA) ； Regulation (EU) 2019/452

參考文獻

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