後現代戲擬：莫比烏斯環及約翰•巴斯的“夜晚海洋之旅”

莫比烏斯環是將一條長帶之一端扭轉一百八十度後，再將兩端黏合後所形成的單面形體。這個數學上重要的形體可視為後現代戲擬之象徵。它是後現代小說中常見的「無限倒退」的表徵；此外它也可代表後現代小說中現實與虛構間模糊的界線；它同時也象徵後現代戲擬中許多重要的特徵，譬如戲擬中的雙重層次、雙重聲音及被戲擬文本與戲擬文本的密切相關。而莫比烏斯環中之扭轉則象徵戲擬中「內層朝外」或「向後旋轉」之邏輯。作為約翰•巴斯小說集《迷失於遊樂場》之整體架構，莫比烏斯環指向這些小說的戲擬本質。其中第一篇小說「夜晚海洋之旅」在許多層面上都可視為是一篇後現代戲擬。首先它是學徒小說－一種寫實小說－的戲擬；同時又仿寫一些哲學思想如英國的經驗主義等；它也戲擬達爾文「適者生存」的理論及傳統神話「命運女士」的觀念；同時又模仿基督教的觀點。而故事的扭轉則在作者的編碼與讀者之解碼交會處，也就是在作者選擇一隻精子作為小說的主人翁，而讀者體會出其中戲擬的語氣時，整個後現代戲擬於焉形成。

關鍵字

戲擬；莫比烏斯環；後現代小說

並列摘要

The Mobius Strip, the one-sided figure, constructed by gluing the ends of a long, thin rectangular strip of paper together with a half twist of one end, can be regarded as the emblem of postmodern parody. It can be seen as the symbol of regressus ad infinitum or mise-en-abyme, which is typical of postmodern fiction. Besides, the Mobius strip can represent the blurring boundary between ”reality” and ”fiction” in postmodern fiction. The Mobius Strip also symbolizes some other significant characteristics of postmodern parody, such as the dual level of parody, the double-voiced aspect of parody, and the intimacy between the parodied text and the parodistic text. And the twist in the Mobius Strip represents the logic of ”inside out” or ”turn about” in parody. As the frame tale in John Barth's Lost in the Funhouse, the Mobius Strip suggests the parodic nature of those stories in this book. The first story ”Night-Sea Journey” can be seen as a postmodern parody in several different levels. First, it is a parody of one kind of Realist Novel, the apprenticeship novel. It parodies some philosophical ideas, such as, the British empiricism. It parodies Darwin's doctrine of survival of the fittest and the traditional mythical idea of Lady Fortune. It is also a parody of some Christian ideas. And the twist in the story is in the place where the author's encoding and the reader's decoding meet; that is, when the author chooses a sperm as the ”hero” of the story and the reader understands the parodic tone behind, the postmodern parody is formed.