論《莊子》的“德”字意涵－個別殊異性

「德」是《莊子》中論述頗多、牽涉頗廣的概念。對於「德」字的進一步理解，不僅可以解通《莊子》中相關的論述，亦對於討論《莊子》中各部文獻意旨之異同有所助益。本研究中，扣緊《莊子》原典，詳細探討「德」字之意涵，並藉由與《論語》、《孟子》、《老子》的比較，進一步凸顯《莊子》的「德」字意涵，了解其迥異於儒家而與《老子》相近的傾向。而《莊子》所論之「德」，其較為精確的意義是物所具有、所呈現之「個別殊異性」。《莊子》所謂的「至德」，乃是「天然的個別殊異性」。而《莊子》所追求的達到至德，便是讓天然的個別殊異性能自然展現。

關鍵字

莊子；德；個別殊異性；天然；老子；物

並列摘要

”De”(德) with many texts in Zhuangzi is a widely involved concept. To better understand ”de”, enables these texts to be explained more clearly and also help recognizing the gists of the texts. In this research, ”de” is discussed in detail according to texts of Zhuangzi. Besides, in comparison with The Analects of Confucius, Mencius and Laozi, the meaning of ”de” in Zhuangzi is more highlighted, and it is quite different from Confucianism but similar to Laozi. As for the precise meaning of ”de” in Zhuangzi, it is the ”distinct characteristics of the individual” that ”wu” (物) possesses and presents. And the ”zhi-de”(至德) is ”natural distinct characteristics of the individual.” Furthermore, the achievement of ”zhi-de” is to let natural distinct characteristics be naturally exhibited.