清代中期與末期朝鮮的文化認同：歷史案例研究

區域國家如何應對中國霸權？除了典型的現實主義權力政治觀點，建構主義式的文化認同觀點認為，區域國家是否認同中國文化，是關鍵的因素。明朝時，朝鮮對明朝是從反抗到順從甚至拼死效忠，其對明朝的中國文化認同，是在雙方長期互動累積的氣氛醞釀之下，再經明朝兩度大軍協防抵禦日本入侵之後，才驟然產生的。不過，朝鮮對明朝的效忠就是對後續清朝的抵抗，清初時朝鮮迫於威逼而得服從清朝，但到了清朝末年朝鮮內部卻也有持續效忠清朝的呼聲。朝鮮到了清末，對清朝是否也有文化認同？若有，其形成的過程是否與明朝時相同？本文發現，經清代中期至末期，朝鮮仍然認同明朝所代表的中國文化正統。明代所建立起的文化認同呈現驚人的持續力，歷經近三百年之後仍然存在。

關鍵字

文化認同；中國崛起；明朝；清朝；朝鮮

並列摘要

How do regional states respond to Chinese hegemony? In addition to the typical realist view of power politics, the constructivist view of cultural identity holds that whether regional states accept and admire Chinese culture is the key factor. While Korea was strongly against the Ming Dynasty in early days, it became loyal to the Ming until the very end of the Ming Dynasty, Korea's Chinese cultural identity to the Ming was brewed in an atmosphere of long-term interaction between the two sides and then show up suddenly after Ming's protection of Korea against the Japanese aggression. Korea'ss allegiance to the Ming was exactly the resistance to the follow-up Qing. In the early Qing, Korea was forced to submit, but in the late Qing period, there were calls for continued allegiance to the Qing. Did Korea also develop a cultural identity with the Qing by late Qing period? If so, was the process the same as in the Ming? This article finds that, form mid to late Qing, Korea still adhered to the legitimate Chinese culture represented by Ming. This cultural identity established during the Ming showed an astonishing persistence, which existed for almost three centuries.

並列關鍵字

Culture Identity ； Rise of China ； Ming Dynasty ； Qing Dynasty ； Korea

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