陞壇轉經：道教誦經儀式的形成與發展

Ascending the Altar to Chant the Scriptures: The Formation and Development of Daoist Scripture Reaction Rituals

張超然(Chang Chao-jan)

《民俗曲藝》 217期 (2022/09) Pp. 161-200

摘要

經典的誦讀是道教儀式的重要組成，也是主要的儀式類型之一。作為道教主流儀式的齋儀，其形成之初便以「行道」、「轉經」作為儀式的主體部分。時至今日，誦經儀式仍是道教齋醮科儀不可或缺的構成要素。然而，經典的誦讀並非道教發展初期既已選用的實踐方式，也不是所有道教經典共同採行的實踐方式。那麼，這類已經成為主流的經典實踐方式究竟是如何發展而成的？本文即以這類在齋儀之中舉行的誦經儀式作為主要研究對象，初步考察其內容、特徵與發展變遷情形，尤其聚焦於以下三個時期與面向的觀察：1）唐代以前與「行道」配合行使的「轉經」儀式，其形成過程與儀式內涵；2）晚唐杜光庭所規劃的、定型化的「轉經」儀式，以及南宋延續這個傳統所發展的「陞壇轉經儀」的具體內容；3）元明以後「陞壇轉經」儀式的發展與變遷情形。

關鍵字

道教 ； 儀式 ； 齋醮 ； 誦經 ； 轉經

並列摘要

Scriptures-chanting is an important and major component of Daoist ritual. The essential Daoist fasting ritual (zhai 齋), is composed of two main segments at its inception, i.e., ＂enacting the Dao＂ (xing Dao 行道) and ＂chanting scriptures＂ (zhuanjing 轉經). To this day, scripture recitation is still an indispensable part of Daoist fasting and offering liturgies (zhaijiao keyi 齋醮科儀). However, scripture recitation is not part of the early Daoist practice, nor is it commonly seen across Daoist scriptures. How exactly does this rite eventually develop into an essential practice found in major scriptures? This article studies scripture recitation rites held during the fasting and offering liturgies and undertakes a preliminary investigation of their content, characteristics, and their changes and developments. The investigation focuses specifically on the following three aspects, 1) the formulation and content of Pre-Tang recitation rite, when it was first paired with the rite of ＂enacting the Dao＂; 2) the late Tang scripture recitation rite arranged and standardized by Du Guangting 杜光庭and the specific content of the Southern Song rite, ＂ritual for ascending to the altar to chant the scriptures＂ (shengtan zhuanjing yi 陞壇轉經儀), which is considered a continuation of this earlier tradition; 3) the development and changes of scripture recitation rituals after the Yuan and Ming dynasties.

並列關鍵字

Daoism ； ritual ； fasting and offering liturgies (zhaijiao 齋醮) ； scripture recitation

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