消失又重現於生活中的毛蟹：溪流、人與水生生物的互動關係

The Disappearance and Reappearance of the Mitten Crab in Daily life: Interactions between Rivers, Humans, and Aquatic Animals

鄭肇祺(Cheng Siu-kei Eric)

《民俗曲藝》 219期 (2023/03) Pp. 145-192

摘要

本文以原住民飲食文化出發，探討人、動物、移動物質（例：水、土）及友善環境美食學的互動關係。臺灣扁絨螯蟹（Eriocheir rectus）俗稱青毛蟹（mitten crab），廣泛分布於臺灣東部河川。春季時，成熟個體會到太平洋中產卵，六月底時幼體方才上溯河川繼續長大。其生活習性為喜於河溪兩側的卵石之間爬行穿梭，是過去臺東縣南迴地區排灣族人常見的水生生物，卻又日漸消失在其視線。為什麼毛蟹會逐漸消失於族人的生活經驗中？河溪流域的流水及縫隙，如何成為人與毛蟹接觸的空間？風土小旅行、漁獵文化與地方美食學的相互交織，為保育毛蟹生態、傳承排灣族文化及重現美食帶來什麼契機和挑戰？於2019年7月起，筆者追蹤大竹高溪的毛蟹生命史（the social life of crab），利用田野及文獻研究，逐步勾畫排灣族、河溪與毛蟹的互相糾纏（entanglement），並探討環境變化中人、自然與「移動的物」（moving objects）的角色。本文試圖從獵人、傳統領袖、政府機關及小旅行服務提供者的角度，梳理當地與毛蟹相關的在地知識、技藝、文化記憶及政治經濟。本文亦將討論河溪治理的各種考量如何與排灣族就地取材、共同分享食物的文化習慣產生互動。藉此，本文回應飲食文化傳統的再創造中，後人類主義觀點及物性的重要性。

關鍵字

河溪生態 ； 水生生物 ； 料理 ； 排灣族 ； 分享

並列摘要

This paper discusses the interactive relationships between humans, animals, moving objects (e.g., water and soil), and eco-friendly gastronomy from the perspective of indigenous food culture. The mitten crab (Eriocheir rectus) is native to eastern Taiwan's rivers and creeks. In the spring, mature crabs move downstream to the Pacific Ocean for mating and brooding, while from late June the larvae crawl upstream and continue to grow. Crawling between rocks and pebbles along rivers, the mitten crab is a common aquatic animal usually seen by the Paiwan people in the South-link Region of Taitung County. However, it is now gradually disappearing. Why has the mitten crab become less visible in Paiwan people's daily life? How do rivers and stones become spaces for human-crab interaction? How does the interweaving of local tourism, the Paiwanese culture of fishing and hunting, and local gastronomy bring opportunities and challenges to various efforts to conserve mitten crab, maintain Paiwanese culture, and reconstruct local gastronomy? Since July 2019, I have traced the social life of the mitten crab along the Dazhu River by conducting ethnographic fieldwork and secondhand data analysis to shed light on the entanglement between the Paiwanese people, the river, and the mitten crab. This paper examines the roles of humans, nature, and moving objects in ecological changes. It investigates associated political ecology, cultural memory, as well as local knowledge and skills from the perspectives and experiences of hunters, traditional community leaders, government agencies, and local tourism service providers. I also discuss the possibility of coproduction of Paiwan people, scholars, and crabs regarding gastronomic tourism, and argue that the Paiwanese culture of sharing food from the local environment can enhance opportunities for gastronomic tourism. By responding to the reinvention of food tradition, this paper contributes to theoretical discussions on posthumanism and materiality.

並列關鍵字

river ecosystem ； aquatic animal ； cuisine ； Paiwan people ； sharing

參考文獻

王震哲、徐堉峰、陳世煌、張和明、黃嘉龍。2002。《大武山自然保留區生物資源調查研究：大竹溪》。臺東市：行政院農委會林務局臺東林管處。

行政院農業委員會漁業署。2015。《臺灣常見經濟性水產動植物圖鑑》。臺北：漁業署。

吳嘉苓。2015。〈永久屋前搭涼棚：災後家屋重建的建築設計與社會改造〉。《科技、醫療與社會》20: 9–74

吳燕和。1993。《臺東太麻里溪流域的東排灣人》。南港：中央研究院民族學研究所。

洪馨蘭。2015。〈風土食材小旅行在當代美濃的展演實踐〉。《中國飲食文化》11 (1): 37–66。