短柱山茶母樹之果實採收期影響種子大小、種子發芽與種仁油含量及成分

Effect of the Fruit Harvest Date of Camellia brevistyla Mother Trees on Seed Size, Seed Germination, and Kernel Oil Content and Composition

陳舜英(Shun-Ying Chen) ； 許俊凱(Chun-Kai Hsu) ； 許原瑞(Yen-Ray Hsui) ； 簡慶德(Ching-Te Chien) ； 許富蘭(Fu-Lan Hsu)

《台灣林業科學》 34卷4期 (2019/12) Pp. 263-273

https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.201912_34(4).0003

摘要

山茶籽油被臺灣人民當作食用油之一，因為它有益於身體健康。本文旨在研究探討臺灣原生種短柱山茶2地5株母樹，在不同的果實採收期對種子大小、發芽率和種仁油成分及含量之影響。結果顯示6月底採收的果實，種子小，且含水率高80%以上，發芽率0～54%。7月下旬採收的果實，苗栗泰安3株母樹的種子含水率下降至55～66%，發芽率90～99%，種子已經增大成熟，而桃園龍潭2株母樹延後6星期至9月上旬，種子才成熟，此時含水率分別為48和66%，發芽率99和93%。5株母樹種子發芽率達到50%之最短天數為52～70天。種子去殼後的種仁含油率，在9月以前5株母樹平均種仁含油率低於20%，10月上旬採收的種子，平均種仁含油率提高至32%，其中苗栗泰安有1株母樹之種仁含油率42%，經過2星期10月中旬採收的果實，平均種仁含油率35%，達到最高點。分析種仁內主要脂肪酸，包括棕櫚酸、硬脂酸、油酸和亞麻油酸，5株母樹皆以油酸含量最高，9月後採收的種子，油酸含量70～82%，亞麻油酸次之，含量9～16%，其他2種飽和脂肪酸－棕櫚酸和硬脂酸，含量低於10%。油脂內的微量活性成分－角鯊烯和維生素E含量則隨著採收期有逐漸增加的趨勢，但角鯊烯含量於8～9月達到最高，其中桃園龍潭1株母樹含量，每克種仁油可達800～900 μg，並於10月上旬達到1217.8 μg；維生素E以10月中旬含量最高，其中有2株母樹每克種仁油分別含有1007.4和1057.5 μg維生素E。總結可知，短柱山茶種子成熟期因栽植地點不同有幾星期的差異，但為生產最大量的種仁油、油酸、角鯊烯、維生素E等，以每年9月下旬至10月採收果實為最佳的選擇。

關鍵字

短柱山茶 ； 採收期 ； 種仁油 ； 亞麻油酸 ； 油酸 ； 種子發芽率 ； 角鯊烯 ； 維生素E

並列摘要

Camellia seed oil has long been used as an edible oil by Taiwanese people. The main purpose of this study was to determine the effects of various times of fruit harvesting on the seed size, seed germination, kernel oil content and composition from 2 sites with 5 mother trees of a native species of Camellia brevistyla. Results showed that fruits harvested from the 2 sites at the end of June had small seeds, and moisture contents and germination percentages were ＞ 80% and 0~54%, respectively. Fruits harvested from Tai'an Township, Miaoli County in late July had matured, and moisture contents and germination percentages were 55~66% and 90~99%, respectively. However, fruits from 2 mother trees in Longtan Township, Taoyuan exhibited delayed maturation for 6 weeks until early September, and moisture contents were 48 and 66% and germination percentages were 99 and 93%. The shortest times to a 50% germination of seeds of the 5 mother trees were 52~70 d. The mean kernel oil percentages from seeds of 5 mother trees harvested before September were ＜ 20%, but the percentage increased to 32% in early October, and among them, 1 tree from Tai'an, Miaoli reached 42%. The maximum mean kernel oil percentage of seeds harvested in the middle of October was 35%. Fatty acid compositions of kernel oil from the 5 mother trees were investigated on different dates, and we found that after September, the highest content was of oleic acid (C18:1) at 70~82%, followed by linoleic acid (C18:2) at 9~16%, with palmitic acid (C16:0) with stearic acid (C18:0) contents of ＜ 10%. Squalene and vitamin E of kernel oil were also analyzed, and both contents gradually increased with time of harvest. However, squalene contents reached a maximum in August and September, and among the 5 mother trees, 1 tree from Longtan, Taoyuan had maximum squalene contents of 800~900 μg g^(-1) kernel oil, and it reached 1217.8 μg in early October. Vitamin E from all mother trees had maximum contents in the middle of October, and 2 mother trees had maximum vitamin E contents of 1007.4 and 1057.5 μg g^(-1) kernel oil. Site differences in seed maturation times from the 2 sites exhibited 6 weeks of variance. Further, to produce maximum seed oil, oleic acid, squalene, and vitamin E, we suggest that the best harvest date is from late September to October.

並列關鍵字

Camellia brevistyla ； harvest date ； kernel oil ； linoleic acid ； oleic acid ； seed germination percentage ； squalene ； vitamin E