從日本政治資金體系運作論政黨發展的侷限：以《政治資金規正法》和《政黨助成法》為主

An Analysis of the Political Funding System to Observe the Limits to Political Party Development in Japan - the Political Funds Control Act and Political Party Subsidies Act

鄭子真(Tzu-Chen Cheng)

《台灣政治學刊》 23卷1期 (2019/06) Pp. 43-101

https://doi.org/10.6683/TPSR.201906_23(1).0002

摘要

戰後盟軍統治時期日本採用《政治資金規正法》、《公職選舉法》等推動政黨政治的發展，然其政黨政治最大特色在於自民黨的長期執政。時至90年代，日本為清新政治、打破自民黨長期執政下金權政治的窠臼，新增《政黨助成法》、《政黨法人化賦予法》等，進行政黨政治的改革。本文旨在探討上述現行法律之政黨條款運作之下出現矛盾的定義，加上政黨競爭激烈產生制度間矛盾的局面，藉由檢驗日本《政治資金規正法》和《政黨助成法》的政黨條款，明瞭前法主要政黨數日增、但政治獻金卻逐漸下降，而後法卻是主要政黨數減少、但政黨卻深度倚賴補助款的迥異結果。

關鍵字

《政治資金規正法》 ； 《政黨助成法》 ； 政黨條款 ； 歷史制度論 ； 政黨政治

並列摘要

Japan has adopted the Political Funds Control Act and the Public Offices Election Act to promote the development of party politics since the GHQ period. In Japan, the distinctive characteristic of party politics has been the LDP (Liberal Democratic Party), which was in power for a long time. In the 1990s, in order to make up for the political deficiencies and resolve the problems of money/power-related politics due to the LDP having been in power for a long time, Japan adopted the Political Party Subsidies Act and the Juridical Person Grant for Political Parties Receiving Public Funding Act. This paper attempts to explore the contradictory definitions among the above party law articles and the strong competition between the parties which have resulted in institutional deadlock. By analyzing the current situation regarding the Political Funds Control Act and the Political Party Subsidies Act in Japan, we can ascertain the effectiveness of the Political Funds Control Act in enabling the number of major political parties to increase while donations decrease. The effectiveness of the Political Party Subsidies Act has been seen in the decrease in the number of major political parties, although the parties now greatly depend on party subsidies.

並列關鍵字

Political Fund Control Law ； Political Party Subsidies Act ； party article ； policy transfer ； historical New Institutionalism ； politics of political parties

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