批判與改造－林兆恩的佛教觀探析

Criticism and Transformation-An Analysis of Lin Zhaoen's Buddhism View

唐哲嘉(Tang Zhejia)

《宗教哲學》 94期 (2020/12) Pp. 93-113

https://doi.org/10.6309/JORP.202012_(94).0004

摘要

林兆恩雖然長期出入儒釋道三教，在求道過程中對佛教也略有涉及，但他所認識的佛教還是僅僅局限於禪宗，因而他以禪宗為佛門正統。同時，於三教之中他始終是持儒家本位，因而他對佛教的基本態度是批判與改造。林兆恩以儒家三綱五常和士農工商之道為武器，對佛教義理、佛教社會影響、佛教的修行等弊端提出了一系列的批判。具體來說，林兆恩對佛教的批判集中在以下五個方面：對佛教核心義理“因果輪回”說的批判；對佛教勞民耗財的社會影響的批判；對佛教人倫廢棄的批判；對佛教念經修行的批判；對佛教坐禪之法的批判。同時，基於對佛教諸多流弊的批判，他在《六美條答》中提出了一整套圍繞寺院經濟問題的佛教改造方案。雖然他的想法中充滿了不切實際的浪漫主義與悲天憫人的宗教家情懷，在當時的條件下註定要被視為“異端”。但他的改革方案畢竟觸動到了土地和分配問題，其思想帶有“實學”的特色，相比於同時代許多思想家空談要更加的深刻。

關鍵字

林兆恩 ； 佛教觀 ； 改造 ； 批判

並列摘要

Although Lin Zhaoen has been in and out of the three religions of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism for a long time, and slightly involved Buddhism in the process of seeking Tao, his knowledge of Buddhism is still limited to Zen Buddhism, so he regards Zen Buddhism as the orthodox. At the same time, among the three religions, he always holds the Confucianism standard, so his basic attitude towards Buddhism is to criticize and reform. Lin Zhaoen used the value of Confucianism as weapons to criticize the ethics of Buddhism, Buddhist social influence, and Buddhist practice. Specifically, Lin Zhaoen's criticism of Buddhism focuses on the following five aspects: criticism of the core Buddhist principle of ＂causal reincarnation＂; criticism of the social impact of Buddhism; criticism of the abandonment of Buddhist human relations; and Buddhist chanting Criticism of practice; criticism of the Buddhist method of sitting meditation. At the same time, based on his criticism of the many abuses of Buddhism, he put forward a complete set of Buddhism reform plans around the economic problems of monasteries in the ＂Liu Mei Tiao Da＂. His thoughts were full of unrealistic romanticism and compassionate religious feelings, and under the conditions of the time, he was destined to be regarded as ＂heresy.＂ However, his reform plan has touched the issue of land and distribution after all, and his thinking has the characteristics of ＂practical learning＂, which is more profound than the empty talk of many thinkers of the same ti.

並列關鍵字

Lin Zhaoen ； Buddhist view ； transformation ； criticism