明代小說視域下觀音意象之色欲化審美述論

On the Sexualized Aesthetic Perception of Avalokitesvara Image in Ming Dynasty Novels

王水根(Wang, Shui-Gen) ； 傅琴芳(Fu, Qin-Fang)

《宗教哲學》 95期 (2021/03) Pp. 71-113

https://doi.org/10.6309/JORP.202103_(95).0003

摘要

在明代中後期小說中，觀音意象的普遍色欲化，主要體現在兩個方面：一是世俗性的色欲化，一是宗教性的色欲化。在世俗性的色欲化中，觀音意象常常以世俗審美中的人間美女肉身出現，並公然成為色欲消費對象；在宗教性的色欲化中，觀音意象常常以宗教捨身度人的菩薩化身面目示人，亦於有意無意的暗示中成為無可奈何的色欲諧謔目標。而究其背後的隱喻則有四：其一，隨著中國佛教信仰中的觀音意象的女性化完成，其三十二相好便隨緣為世俗審美的比照以至被仰慕或覬覦，同時，佛教固在的染欲修道理念很早即於小說中藝術化為某種母題，此為色欲化的宗教因緣；其二，明季中後期，社會個性自由與解放風尚昌盛，小說中的觀音意象普遍色欲化不過是其流風所及的另類表達之一而已，此為色欲化的社會因緣；其三，明季中後期，男性審美的女性化喜好風行，在有功於觀音意象女性化的定型的同時，亦因之消解了觀音意象審美的性別區隔而成就了其雙性標本價值，此為色欲化的性別審美因緣；其四，佛教神聖性消解下的反權威、反禁欲之明季文學中觀音意象的個案演異，此為色欲化的文學因緣。

關鍵字

明代小說 ； 觀音意象 ； 審美化 ； 色欲化

並列摘要

In novels of middle and late Ming Dynasty, there are mainly two sorts of common Sexualized Aesthetic Perception of Avalokitesvara image: one is the secular kind, and that is, the appearance of Avalokitesvara image as secular beauty, a public object of phychosexuality; the other is the religious kind, which is normally shown in the Incarnation of Bodhisattva who would redeem people by bodily sacrifice, and yet unavoidly implied as the object of sexually joking, intentionally or unintentionally. There are four causes for the sexualized Aesthetic Perception of Avalokitesvara image. The first is the religious cause of this sexualization. Along With the feminization of Avalokitesvara image in Chinese Buddhism, her thirtytwo physical characteristics ,for certain reasons, had become a secular aesthetic standard, admired, or even coveted. Meanwhile, the original Buddhism idea of cultivating oneself by being polluted with desire had become a motif of novels long ago. The second is its social cause. In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, individual liberation was a prevalent social trend, and this sexualization is simply one of its special expressions. The Third cause is its gender aesthetics. In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, the feminization of male prevailed. This phenomenon has not only facilitated the feminization of Avalokitesvara image, but also eliminated the gender difference in the aesthetic perception, which gave this image a value of bisexual specimen.The fourth cause is in literature, and that is the strange evolvement of Avalokitesvara image on individual cases in Ming Dynasty literature, due to the antiauthority and antiascetic idea under the fall of the belief in Buddhism holiness.

並列關鍵字

Ming Dynasty novels ； Avalokitesvara image ； aesthetic perception ； sexualization