成就目標與工作記憶之關聯

Associations Between Achievement Goals and Working Memory

鄭穎澤(Ying-Tze Zheng)

《應用心理研究》 67期 (2017/12) Pp. 223-235

https://doi.org/10.3966/156092512017120067007

摘要

本文回顧Elliot與McGregor（2001）以精熟－表現、趨近－迴避所劃分出的四種成就目標，分別為精熟趨近、精熟迴避、表現趨近、表現迴避四種目標，並以四篇主要文獻來探討成就目標與工作記憶的關聯。其中，四篇研究皆以實驗操弄參與者的成就目標，並測驗參與者的工作記憶表現，欲檢視成就目標對工作記憶的影響。四篇研究大抵皆發現精熟趨近目標組的表現較佳，只要是表現、迴避相關的成就目標表現大抵皆較差。探討其中原因，文獻大抵指出，持有表現目標者的心思有一部分放在與他人的比較之上，因此佔據了部分的工作記憶；持有迴避目標者因為害怕發生某種負面結果，因此易於引發焦慮感，此焦慮障礙了工作記憶的正常運作，然而，此二種機轉尚待未來研究更進一步的證實。

關鍵字

精熟－表現 ； 迴避－趨近 ； 成就目標 ； 工作記憶

並列摘要

The present study reviews the four categories of achievement goals proposed by Elliot and McGregor (2001), mastery-approach goals, mastery-avoidance goals, performance-approach goals, and performance-avoidance goals. Furthermore, the study investigates the associations between achievement goals and working memory through four research articles. All four research articles manipulate the achievement goals of their participants via experiments, and they test the working memory performance of their participants. Their results showed that mastery-approach groups had better performance, and that the performance of performance-related groups and avoidance-related groups was weaker. The results proposed that performance-goal-groups focused some of their attention on comparison with others, thus occupying parts of their working memory. The avoidance-goal-groups were afraid of some negative results, thus were more likely to trigger anxiety, which hindered their normal functioning of working memory. This article provides suggestions for further research confirming these two mechanisms.

並列關鍵字

achievement goals ； approach-avoidance ； mastery-performance ； working memory

參考文獻

Avery, R. E.,Smillie, L. D.(2013).The impact of achievement goal states on working memory.Motivation and Emotion.37(1),39-49.

Avery, R. E.,Smillie, L. D.,de Fockert, J. W.(2013).The role of working memory in achievement goal pursuit.Acta Psychologica.144(2),361-372.

Baranik, L. E.,Stanley, L. J.,Bynum, B. H.,Lance, C. E.(2010).Examining the Construct Validity of Mastery-Avoidance Achievement Goals: A Meta-Analysis.Human Performance.23(3),265-282.

Crouzevialle, M.,Butera, F.(2013).Performance-Approach Goals Deplete Working Memory and Impair Cognitive Performance.Journal of Experimental Psychology-General.142(3),666-678.

Elliot, A. J.,McGregor, H. A.(2001).A 2 x 2 achievement goal framework.Journal of personality and social psychology.80(3),501-519.