並列摘要
Observation involves systematically gathering data through the senses. It provides a variety and depth of information that is difficult to obtain with other data-collection methods. However, shortcomings of the observational approach cannot be overlooked, includinge ethical difficulties and reactivity effects. A pervasive problem is the vulnerability of observational data to distortions and biases. This study discusses measurement issues related to observational methods and introduce strategies to deal with these issues. Although the problems and difficulties of observational methods probably cannot be completely eliminated, they can be minimized through (1) clear conceptualization of the problems to be studied, (2) operationalization of key variables, (3) a logical protocol for observing, recording and interpreting data, and (4) careful training of observers.
延伸閱讀
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