錫安主義：「復國」與種族清洗？

Zionism: Nation State Building and the Politics of Ethnic Cleansing?

黃如慧(Huang, Ju-Hui)

《政大史粹》 35期 (2020/09) Pp. 183-211

https://doi.org/10.30384/CHNCCU.202009_(35).0007

摘要

猶太人在異邦人的歐洲度過了漫長的「離散」時期，然而猶太人藉著經典建立起來強烈的文化傳統使其與當地社會難以相融，終成棘手的「猶太問題」。藉著十九世紀民族主義影響的廂助，錫安主義認清其原始需求（安全感）並開始實際行動以滿足之，直到一戰以前終於因著〈貝爾福宣言〉而有了初步的成果。然而錫安主義作為歐洲民族主義潮流之一支，來到了巴勒斯坦卻邁向民族主義難以支持的種族主義路線，然而這對猶太人而言並非「隨機應變」決定的政策，而是其意識型態的基礎，本文希望藉由追尋錫安主義思想基礎的脈絡，找出其決策種族清洗的根源。

關鍵字

猶太問題 ； 錫安主義 ； 〈貝爾福宣言〉 ； 巴勒斯坦問題 ； 種族清洗 ； D計畫

並列摘要

The Diaspora make the Jews who went into exile everywhere and some of them have been living in Europe for countless generations. These European Jews (or so-called Ashkenazi) who for a long-being have been by their own religion and exceptional identity alienating from the local. It is the reason and the background that the so-called ＂Jewish Question＂ gradually as a great problem which emerged in Europe, especially during the era of nationalism. On the other hand, some Jews utilized the terminology and ideology of nationalism to explain their own political situation in Europe and through it to strengthen their own Jewish identity and after that these two political and cultural elements had been combined with and from that a final solution arose-Zionism. Zionism grasped the opportunity by the guilty, embarrassment and hatred of the Europeans to ＂return＂ to their ＂traditional＂ and by the Bible mandated ＂Homeland＂. By ＂returning＂ the Jews immediately faced the people who for long long-term living here and considered a must-do to handle it-coexistence or ＂purification＂ (or ethnical cleansing or Plan D)? And the later was the solution. Why the contemporaries treated it as the means in superiority and in optimality? One should follow the trail engraved in the Jewish history (all-inclusive-religious, cultural, identic and even political etc.) and it is the goal which trying to be achieved in this essay.

並列關鍵字

Jewish Question ； Zionism ； Balfour Declaration ； Palestine Question ； the ethnic cleansing ； Plan D

參考文獻

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Destani, Beitullah, ed. The Zionist Movement and the Foundation of Israel 1839-1972, Volume I: 1839-1916. Farnham Common [England]: Archive Editions, 2004.

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