華語學前兒童口語語料詞彙次數比例及使用比例相關性之探討

The Correlation Between Word Frequency and the Number of Users in Language Samples From Mandarin-Speaking Preschoolers

吳尚諭(Shang-Yu Wu)

《台灣聽力語言學會雜誌》 44期 (2021/06) Pp. 1-32

https://doi.org/10.6143/JSLHAT.202106_(44).0001

摘要

詞彙習得在兒童語言發展中扮演重要角色，而兒童常用詞彙應可以作為評估詞彙能力及選取教學目標之參考。詞彙出現次數比例之高低是判斷詞彙是否經常被使用的一項依據。然而，僅以次數比例作為常用詞彙之判定標準，會出現部分詞彙係由少數人多次使用而列入常用詞彙。因此，使用詞彙人數比例可能也該作為判定常用詞彙的考量之一。本研究旨在檢視依使用詞彙之次數比例及使用該詞彙的人數比例分別排序所產生的詞表，進行兩者之間的交集、差集比較，並探討兩種比例的相關性，以探討是否應同時考慮兩者作為判定常用詞彙之條件。同時，列出高詞彙次數比例及高使用比例之詞彙，作為兒童可能常用詞彙之參考。本研究受試者為209位三至六歲典型發展兒童。研究者收集語言樣本，進行轉錄、選句、斷詞，以及相關性分析。研究結果顯示各年齡組之詞彙次數比例與使用比例成指數模式相關，且詞彙比例變化量對應較大的使用比例變化量，輔以差集分析的結果顯示有高次數比例詞彙對應的使用比例偏低，或具一定使用比例但次數比例較低的情況。建議在選擇兒童常用詞彙時，應同時考量次數比例及使用比例。本研究結果提供次數比例排名及使用比例排名交集之詞表，可作為三至六歲華語兒童常用詞彙之參考。

關鍵字

常用詞彙 ； 高頻詞彙 ； 學前兒童

並列摘要

Vocabulary acquisition takes an important role in child language development. Common words used by typically developing children are important references for assessing child vocabulary and selecting teaching vocabulary targets. Word frequency is often considered a reference to identify common words. High frequency words are considered words that are used more often and important for vocabulary learning. However, some issues might raise when only consider word frequency as an indication for common words. It is possible that a high frequency word is used only by a few children when they used a certain word very often in their samples. Therefore, the number of users should be one of the indications to identify common words. This current study aimed to examine the correlations between word frequency and the number of users. Word list of high frequency and high number of users was generated as a reference of common words of Mandarin-speaking preschoolers. There were 209 typically developing children aged three to six years old participated in this study. Language samples of children were collected, transcribed, and analyzed. The results showed that word frequency and the number of users was exponentially correlated. It was suggested that when selecting common words of children, word frequency and the number of users should both be considered.

並列關鍵字

Common words ； High frequency words ； Preschooler

參考文獻

楊靜琛（2015）。測量華語兒童早期詞彙成長：以語料庫為本之研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立台灣大學，台北市。doi:10.6342/NTU.2015.02000

Beukelman, D., Jones, R., & Rowan, M. (1989). Frequency of word usage by nondisabled peers in integrated preschool classrooms. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 5, 243-248. doi:10.1080/07434618912331275296

Dang, T. N. Y., Webb, S., & Coxhead, A. (2020). Evaluating lists of high-frequency words: Teachers’ and learners’ perspectives. Language Teaching Research. Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/1362168820911189

Loftus, S. M., Coyne, M. D., McCoach, D. B., Zipoli, R., & Pullen, P. C. (2010). Effects of a supplemental vocabulary intervention on the word knowledge of kindergarten students at risk for language and literacy difficulties. Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 25, 124-136. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5826.2010.00310.x

MacWhinney, B. (2014). The CHILDES project: Tools for analyzing talk, Vol. I: Transcription format and programs (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Psychology Press. doi:10.4324/9781315805672