Some considerations of common approaches in Daoist exorcism: a comparison between the Shenxiao Jinhuo tianding dafa神霄金火天丁大法and the Shangqing Tianpeng fumo dafa上清天蓬伏魔大法

These two extended collections of Daoist exorcist rituals come from the Song period and document the attempt to elevate exorcism to suit the literary standard of the Daoist religious tradition. Exorcism was claimed to be based on revelations of texts and formulae from transcendent spheres. This claim pertains to the two Great Rituals that are the focus of this presentation. They emerged in different regions (Kiangsi and Sichuan) and at different times in the Song period, partly continuing and developing much older pre-Song traditions of Daoist exorcism. Exorcism always was a part of Heavenly Masters Daoism and basically was dedicated to life in this world. Following this intention, the two Great Rituals show many facets of application and reveal a wealth of ritual and exorcist tools and devices. The two Great Rituals also show the common attempt to formalize exorcist methods to make them suitable for canonization. They share the common task to cope with demoniac molestations, with illness and disaster in this world.

關鍵字

Daoist exorcism(道教法術) ； Heavenly Masters Daoism(天師道) ； regional traditions(地方道教) ； revelation(啟示) ； Lin Lingsu(林靈素) ； Wang Wenqing(王文卿) ； canonization of exorcism(道教法術經典化)

並列摘要

道教法術儀式《神霄金火天丁大法》和《上清天蓬伏魔大法》這兩部擴增的（extended）文集出自宋代，記錄了其所改進的法術以符應道教儀式傳統中文字規範的嘗試。這些法術被認為是根據天界所啟示的文本和作法而來，這正是本文有關這兩部大法欲呈現的重點所在。這兩套大法在不同地區（江西和四川）、宋代不同時期出現，部分延續發展自宋之前更古老的道教法術傳統。法術一直是天師道的一部分，基本上是為在世的生活處境而進行。承繼此意圖，這兩套大法展示許多作法上的運用，並揭示了豐富的儀式以及法器與設置。這兩套大法也顯示出共同的企圖：將法術予以規制，使其經典化。它們就此共同的目標以對治各種魔擾，及在世諸種疾厄災禍。