淪陷的日常：作為閾限文本的〈苦茶庵打油詩〉

The Everyday Life under the Occupation: Doggerels in the Bitter Tea Studio as Texts of Liminality

楊治宜(Zhiyi Yang)

《中國現代文學》 38期 (2020/12) Pp. 93-118

摘要

生活在北平淪陷的「閾限空間」下的周作人，選擇了用「打油詩」這一自置「正體」傳統以外的文體進行自我表述。以隱晦著稱的〈苦茶庵打油詩〉，因此具有了相當的閾限文本性質，承載了周作人在新舊、中日、個人與民族國家之間的自我反思。本文試圖探索的便是在抵抗與合作之間廣闊的道德灰色地帶，以及周作人在淪陷的歷史情境下自處、自適、自圓的話語邏輯：淪陷下的日常和生存是否合法？除了潔身自好的出世選項之外，積極入世的儒家精神、甚至救世的佛家精神是否還是士人合法的道德選項？我們是否可能、或者應當憑藉想像中未來對當代的政治和道德正統的評價，作為行為指南？最後，通過對周作人戰後繫獄期間詩作裡「飼虎」與「食人」意象的解讀，我提出周作人始終堅持的是以個人主義的立場對民族國家正統和歷史正義敘事的反抗，儘管在淪陷之後，他的個人主義不能不淪為第二義的、從主導性二元對立敘事的逃逸。他的「半新不舊」的詩歌作品因此始終是一種閾限文本，在分明的世界之間，摸索著意義的裂隙。

關鍵字

周作人 ； 打油詩 ； 淪陷 ； 個人主義 ； 閾限性 ； 文化記憶

並列摘要

Since he decided to stay in Beiping after the Japanese occupation of the city in 1937, Zhou Zuoren had been living in a liminal space. The unorthodox and classicist ＂doggerels＂ became his chosen genre of lyrical self-expression. In this article, I argue that these esoteric Doggerels in the Bitter Tea Studio are texts of liminality, articulating Zhou's reflections when he was caught between the new and the old, China and Japan, the individual and the nation state. I seek to explore the ethical grey zone between resistance and collaboration, by understanding the discursive logic that Zhou Zuoren employed to justify his survival against the tyrannical moral command of resistance. Is the daily life under the occupation still legitimate, even when it means coexistence with the enemy? Aside from purist escapism, should the intellectuals still maintain the options of active worldly engagement (Confucianism) or compassionate salvation by sharing the world's sufferings (Buddhism), when both options entail moral contamination? Could or should one act based on the imagined future judgments of history? Finally, by extending the reading into Zhou's postwar prison poetry, I propose that Zhou, an individualist, had always been resisting the political orthodox of the nation state and the victor's historical narrative. During and after the war, however, his individualism could not but become secondary in nature, subordinating to the primary discourse of nationalism, by which he hoped to escape from the binding binaries. His classicist poetry thus remains a kind of liminal texts, exploring the cracks of meaning between the Apollonian worlds of triumphant clarity.

並列關鍵字

Zhou Zuoren ； doggerel ； Japanese occupation ； individualism ； liminality ； cultural memory

參考文獻

Xia, Yun. Down with Traitors: Justice and Nationalism in Wartime China. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2017.

Yang, Haosheng. A Modernity Set to a Pre-Modern Tune: Classical-Style Poetry of Modern Chinese Writers. Leiden: Brill, 2016.

Yang, Zhiyi. The Poetics of Memory: Wang Jingwei and China’s Wartime Collaboration (working title). Manuscript under review.

Zanasi, Margherita. “Globalizing Hanjian: The Suzhou Trials and the Post-World War II Discourse on Collaboration,” The American Historical Review 113.3 (2008): 731–751.

土屋光芳，《汪精衛と民主化の企て》，東京，人間の科学新社，2000。