民主國家政黨法之比較研究

A Comparative Study of Political Party Laws in Democratic Countries

陳朝政(Chao-cheng Chen)

《臺灣民主季刊》 17卷4期 (2020/12) Pp. 1-44+46-47+ap1-12

摘要

本文以2018年民主指數為標準，篩選31國有政黨法的民主國家，以內容分析法及比較研究法比較一般民主國家及後威權民主國家政黨法之規範內容。研究發現：第一，「政黨與國家」面向中的政黨設立登記、政黨財務監管及國家補助政黨等規定，是一般民主國家政黨法的主要內容，絕大多數後威權民主國家亦有這些規定，這是兩類民主國家較為相同的部分。第二，兩類民主國家差異較大者，包括「政黨與國家」面向中的政黨政治價值之宣示、規定政黨具有法人身份、黨員之資格要求、政黨禁止事項（包括不可違反憲政秩序）及其處分（包括強制解散）；「政黨與政黨」面向中禁止雙重黨籍、規範政黨聯盟等相關規定；「政黨與個人」面向中黨員權利及黨內民主等相關規定。大多數後威權民主國家有這些規定，但有這些規定的一般民主國家僅有少數。整體而言，後威權民主國家較為重視透過對政黨的禁止及處分規定、保護黨員權利和黨內民主的相關規定，護衛國家價值及民主價值。第三，後威權民主國家政黨法的規制程度較高，一般民主國家政黨法的規制程度中等。

關鍵字

政黨 ； 政黨法 ； 黨內民主 ； 防衛性民主 ； 政黨補助

並列摘要

This study uses Democracy Index of 2018 as a benchmark, screening out 31 democratic countries with political party laws, to compare the content of political party laws in general democracies and post-authoritarian democracies with content analysis and comparative research methods. This study found: First, relevant regulations on registration of political parties, financial supervision of political parties, and party subsidy in ＂parties and a state＂ aspect are the main content of party laws in general democratic countries. The political party laws of most post-authoritarian democracies also have these provisions, which are the relatively similar parts of the two types of democracies. Second, the two types of democracies are quite different, including the declaration of political values of political parties, stipulation of legal person status for political parties, qualification for party membership, and prohibited matters (including no violation of constitutional order) and sanctions (including forced dissolution) within ＂parties and a state＂ aspect; prohibition of dual party membership and regulations on party alliances of ＂parties and parties＂ aspect; relevant stipulations regarding party member rights and inner-party democracy of ＂parties and individuals＂ aspect. The political party laws of most post-authoritarian democracies have these provisions, but there are only a few general democracies that have these provisions. On the whole, post-authoritarian democracies place more importance on safeguarding national and democratic values through the prohibition and punishment toward political parties, and relevant regulations on the protection of party members' rights and inner-party democracy. Third, the degree of regulation of political party laws in post-authoritarian democracies is relatively high, while that of political party laws in general democracies is moderate.

並列關鍵字

political party ； party law ； inner-party democracy ； defensive democracy ； political party subsidy

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