美國法之環境損害賠償－兼論我國相關法制及裁判

面對「環境損害」事件，人為污染導致棲地、生態遭破壞，此種無涉私權之「自然資源損害」，是否可以成為我國民事侵權責任之保護客體？透過行為人民事責任之建立，使棲地、生態恢復至「基本條件」，且恢復期間，人們利用自然資源之娛樂、釣魚、觀賞等「中間損失」亦獲賠償。但在我國的民法侵權責任架構下，須通過兩項關卡：第一，自然資源非屬私人所有，可否請求該損害？請求主體為何？第二，若能請求，自然資源欠缺市場價值，如何衡量估算損害，建立賠償規則？本文研究美國之「自然資源損害」賠償法制，從其演進過程，及普通法，再到成文法之規範，有諸多損害賠償之不同作法，值得作為我們的參考及借鏡，冀能開啟「環境損害」之私法保護窗口。

關鍵字

自然資源損害；中間損失；基本條件；公益受託原則；環境損害；自然資源損害評估；州所有原則；捕獲法則；生態損害；純粹經濟上損失

並列摘要

This article explores the ＂environmental damage＂ incidents where human pollutions lead to destruction of habitats, wildlife, and ecology, and examines whether this type of natural resource damage is protected by Taiwan civil liability. Through the establishment of civil responsibility, the habitat, biodiversity, and ecology are thus restored to ＂basic conditions＂. During the restoration period, people will be compensated for ＂interim losses＂ such as recreation, fishing, and viewing by using natural resources. However, under Taiwan civil law system and verdicts, two legal issues occur. First, like wildlife, natural resource are not privately owned which leads to the questions of who can claim the natural resoures damage and what is the subject of such request. Second, it is difficult to evaluate the damage of nature resource without a market value and this in turn brings about the question of how to measure and estimate the damage and establish compensation criteria. By means of studying the comparative law of the CERCLA, OPA, and NRDA regulations in the United States and its compensation system for ＂natural resource damage＂ from its evolution process, common law, to the statutory regulations, this article focuses on these issues in the hope of helping set up environmental damage legal system in Taiwan.

並列關鍵字

Natural Resource Damage ； Interim Loss ； Baseline Condititon ； Public Trust Doctrine ； Environmental Damage ； Natural Resource Damage Assessments (NRDA) ； State-Owned Principle ； Capture of Rule ； Ecological Damage ； Pure Economic Loss