從生態系統理論檢視發展遲緩兒童需要的媽媽特質

本文暫時擱置了「身心障礙／發展遲緩會造成母親教養困難」這個普遍被接受的因果論述，運用生態系統理論之架構，檢視受訪者所描繪之「發展遲緩兒童需要什麼樣的媽媽」，回推引發母職實踐困難之因素。本研究以曾被診斷為發展遲緩，已完整使用早期療育服務（含幼小轉衘）之宜蘭縣國小一至五年級學童的母親為研究對象，運用質性研究方法進行資料收集與分析，透過便利取樣及滾雪球方式招募受訪者，深度訪談13位母親。經由將逐字稿依主題編碼、整理與歸納，以呈現出受訪者的母職實踐及其身處之生態系統。本研究發現，教養發展遲緩／身心障礙兒童，並不一定是「與眾不同」的母職。運用生態系統理論分析發現，兒童的發展遲緩／身心障礙並非影響母職困難的唯一來源；母親與其他系統的互動，對其母職任務與角色有具體影響，並因此形塑了與一般母職不同的「發展遲緩兒童需要的母親特質」。基此，本研究對於以「身心障礙／發展遲緩會造成母親困難」為前提規劃的服務與研究提出挑戰，並建議可以參考生態系統理論，以更為全面、更多面向的角度，了解母親身處的情境與脈絡，以提供適切之支持與服務。

關鍵字

發展遲緩；母職；生態系統理論

並列摘要

Instead of adopting the generally accepted assumption that a child's developmental delay or disability will cause his/her mother difficulties, this article tries to use a research question 'what kind of mother a developmental delayed child needs' to reappear challenges a mother of a developmental delayed child encountered in order to provide social services mothers may need in the future. The data has been gathered and analyzed by using qualitative methods including semi-structured interactive interviews. Convenience sampling and snowball sampling were used to recruit interviewees. Thirteen mothers whose child studies in primary schools in Yi-Lan County had been interviewed. There are two main findings of this research. First, this research finds that a child's special needs are only one of the reasons that cause mothers' difficulties. The people and institutions mothers have to interact instead are the important factors that shape their motherhood. Second, raising a developmental delayed child is not another kind of motherhood but there are many similarities between mothers.