遍數印痕證虔心－日本的巡禮遍路與御朱印文化

對世界上任何一個有著虔誠宗教信仰的教徒來說，到聖地朝拜應該是每個教徒一生中都希望能夠進行一次的宗教性活動。不同於基督教或伊斯蘭教等單數聖地形態的朝拜方式，日本佛教與神道教發展出了複數聖地形態，當中最著名的就是四國遍路與西國巡禮。早期的遍路與巡禮者以修行人為主。經過千年的發展，一般庶民開始加入巡禮的行列。到了近代，不僅有他國、他教信徒加入，其中更增添了旅行色彩。因著不同的目的，人們追尋著大師苦修的足跡，沉澱複雜的思緒，反觀自省，以求心靈福至。在巡禮的過程中，最特別的是從納經中發展出的御朱印文化。御朱印的存在，不僅是日本庶民參拜寺社的證明，更可視為庶民能夠珍藏的文字資料，也是能夠觀察巡禮路線的發展與改變的最佳史料。御朱印既不是紀念章，也非藝術品，是與佛菩薩本尊有著同樣神力，能指引巡禮者往生極樂淨土，如同佛典之物。因此，不應將收集御朱印視為時尚，也不應競相炫耀收集數量的多寡。希望透過本文的探討，讓對日本巡禮與御朱印文化尚不了解的社會大眾有一基本認識。也希望人們不要再將御朱印視為是花錢買的紀念證明，以還原御朱印的本來意義。

關鍵字

御朱印；納經；四國遍路；西國巡禮；朝聖文化

並列摘要

Every religious believer with devout faith will consider that make a pilgrimage in Holy Land as an important religious activity in his whole life. The pilgrimage of Christianity or Islam belongs to singular from; however, the Buddhism and Shintoism in Japan develop a plural form and the most famous among them are Shikoku Pilgrimage and Saigoku Kannon Pilgrimage. The participants were monks earlier on, then commoners gradually joined them. In modern times, not only foreigners, but also other religious believers participate the pilgrimage and the whole process enriches the feeling of travel. With different purposes, people follow the steps of masters and monks, who did the penance during pilgrimage, calm down the complicated minds, and make a self-examination. People can get good luck and peace in mind through the whole progress. The culture of goshuin (御朱印) which develops from nokyo (納經) is the most special during the process of pilgrimage. The existence of goshuin is not only the evidence of commoners making a formal visit to the temple, but also the precious text collection for them. They are also the best historical materials for investigating the development and changes of pilgrimage route. Goshuin is neither a souvenir or a piece of art. It is considered as the sutra which has extraordinary power the same as Buddha and can guide the pilgrims to the Pure Land. Therefore, it should not be regarded as fashion collection, nor compete to show off. This article tries to draw a basic knowledge for people who do not understand the culture of goshuin and pilgrimage in Japan. I hope that people do not take goshuin as a souvenir again and restore its original meaning.