佛教的特質與師匠的宗風－以禪史與天台教史為例

Buddhist Characteristics and Masters' Activities: Examples of Chan and Tiantai Schools

賴建成(Cheng-Cherng Lai)

《玄奘佛學研究》 19期 (2013/03) Pp. 147-177

摘要

佛教的史觀，是有別於通俗歷史觀與傳統說教性的歷史。就傳統式的歷史來看，孱雜著佛教意識與信仰的歷史作品，存在著一種非歷史事實的觀點。在研究立場上，佛法對於研究佛教史固然是重要的，但研究者必須區別歷史事實與某些具有加工程序事實的意義，所敘說的歷史才能貼近真相。事實、文獻或富有想像的瞭解是歷史學家所絕對需要的，但我們不必將它們奉為偶像來崇拜。以哲學或佛學的角度，來談論或研究佛教的史事，容易墮入以偏蓋全的困境；然以傳統的歷史觀點看佛法興衰，則常有成敗與勝出、衰亡的論調出現，而跟教界或叢林的見解是有別的。真實的人生與佛教史，依靠有方向意識的人來寫。而人生的成就與歷史內容，只在親身體驗與努力耕耘中獲得。本論文主要是談論佛法與史觀、王法與佛法的問題，以及佛法的遷流現象；藉著禪門與天台宗的發展史，舉一些史事來闡發佛教的特質與師匠的宗風。

關鍵字

傳統式的歷史 ； 佛教史家 ； 佛教特質 ； 政教關係 ； 禪 ； 天台學派 ； 師匠的風尚 ； 佛教中國化

並列摘要

Buddhist version of history is quite different from conventional historical understanding as it carries some unhistorical material-Buddhist faith or thought. Buddhist faith or thought is very important for Buddhist research, but a researcher still has to distinguish historical information from those miraculous events discounted as later accretions in order to get closer to the truth. For historians, the fact, record and an ability of imaginative understanding, if they are necessary, are not absolute. With philosophical outlook or religious views on Buddhist history, there will be some phenomena coming out: confessions, systematic theology and creeds. Reliable Buddhist history depends on historians' ”sense of the direction in history.” Achievement and conclusions could be gained only by deep feeling for the lives and working hard. Through the history of Zen and Tiantai schools, this paper aims to analyze the differences between Buddhist version and conventional standards of history, to realize the relationship of Buddhist masters and imperial power and to manifest Buddhist characteristics and Masters' activities.

並列關鍵字

conventional history ； Buddhist historian ； Buddhist characteristics ； relationship between politics and religion ； Zen and Tiantai schools ； activities of Masters ； sinification of Buddhism

參考文獻

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