傳奇的流變與傳播：從唐〈鶯鶯傳〉到法國《西廂記》

The Transformation and Dissemination of Chuanqi from Yingying's Biography of Tang Dynasty to The Romance of the Western Chamber in France

王秋今(Chiu-Chin Wang)

《戲劇學刊》 36期 (2022/07) Pp. 87-105

摘要

中國戲曲劇本在法國的傳播，自法國來華傳教士馬若瑟（Joseph-Henri de Prémare, 1666-1736）在1731年將中國戲曲《元曲選》中《趙氏孤兒》譯為法語寄回巴黎開始。但是直到1814年學院漢學在法國創立，在傳教士與法國漢學家的積極推動下，大量介紹《元曲選》的劇目，使中國戲曲作品得以翻譯出版，登上法國戲劇舞台。唐代元稹創作〈鶯鶯傳〉，元代王實甫取材作雜劇《西廂記》以及鄭光祖仿作《㑳梅香》。到了1833年儒蓮（Stanislas Julien, 1797-1873）首次將《西廂記》，引入西方世界，1834年巴贊（Antoine-Pierre-Louis Bazin, 1799-1863）也翻譯了《㑳梅香》。儒蓮的《西廂記》和巴贊《㑳梅香》都在法國引起重視，卻不見〈鶯鶯傳〉的討論。這反映了法國漢學家在戲曲研究中，將關注中心集中於元雜劇，而對唐傳奇或明清傳奇極其忽視。本文以「傳奇」的視角，闡述從唐傳奇〈鶯鶯傳〉到法國《西廂記》的流變與傳播。本文首先討論唐傳奇小說〈鶯鶯傳〉跨越到戲劇《西廂記》，說明「傳奇」在中國和法國的流變：在中國有〈鶯鶯傳〉從唐傳奇小說到戲曲形式，在法國有《西廂記》從對話體小說到法國戲劇舞台。其次，探究巴黎王家圖書館（Bibliothèque Royale）的戲曲藏書，分析《西廂記》如何從中國橫渡至法國戲劇舞台。最後，說明中國「傳奇」在法國的接受與傳播。

關鍵字

傳奇 ； 〈鶯鶯傳〉 ； 《西廂記》 ； 法國漢學家 ； 中國戲曲

並列摘要

The dissemination of Chinese opera plays in France started from Joseph de Prémare (1666-1736), a French missionary in China, when he translated the Chinese opera The Orphan of Zhao from The Collection of Yuan Qu into French in 1731 and sent it back to Paris. It was not until 1814 that the academic sinology was established in France, missionaries and French sinologists so actively and massively introduced repertoires in The Collection of Yuan Qu that Chinese operas were translated and published, making their debut on French stage. Yuan Zhen in Tang Dynasty created Yinging's Biography, inspiring Wang Shi-fu's zaju Romance of the Western Chamber and Zhen Guang-zu's parody Zhou Meixiang in Yuan Dynasty. Then, in 1833 Stanislas Julien (1797-1873) introduced Romance of the Western Chamber to the western world for the first time, and in 1834 Antoine-Pierre-Louis Bazin (1799-1873) translated Zhou Meixiang. Julien's Romance of the Western Chamber and Bazin's Zhou Meixiang attracted much attention in France, and yet Yinging's Biography was rarely discussed. It reflects that French sinologists in their research on Chinese opera more focused upon the zaju in Yuan Dynasty, and extremely less on the Chuanqi in dynasties of Tang, Ming, and Qing. From the perspective of Chuanqi, this paper scrutinizes the transformation and dissemination of Tang's Yingying's Biography in China and of its variant Romance of the Western Chamber in France. It first examines the transition from Yingying's Biography, Tang's Chuanqi fiction to the play Romance of the Western Chamber, illustrating the transformation of Chuanqi in China and France: Yingying's Biography changed from a legendary novel in Tang Dynasty to an opera; in France, Romance of the Western Chamber turned from an interlocutory novel into a stage play. Next, this paper explores the collection of Chinese opera texts in the Bibliothèque Royale de Paris, analyzing how Romance of the Western Chamber traveled from China to French stage. Finally, this paper points out the reception and dissemination of Chinese Chuanqi in France.

並列關鍵字

Chuanqi ； Yingying's Biography ； The Romance of the Western Chamber ； French sinologists ； Chinese opera

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