論《紅樓夢》中的「仙鄉」：太虛幻境

Discussion on Dream of the Red Chamber's ＂Realms of the Immortals＂: the Land of Illusion

黃詣庭(Huang Yi-Ting)

《弘光人文社會學報》 24期 (2021/07) Pp. 111-139

摘要

仙鄉故事肇興於魏晉，為筆記小說中盛行的仙道類故事之一，並在文人有意識的摹仿與發揚中，於唐傳奇達到另一個創作高峰，同時也是元明小說與戲曲的重要命題，歷久不衰，亦是中國小說史裡重要的故事類型之一；仙鄉故事可謂仙道思想的具體反映，也是樂園神話的傳承與轉化，表達了古代中國人對於長生不死與安樂治世的追求與夢想。清代小說《紅樓夢》亦援用仙鄉原型描寫太虛幻境，乍看像似〈劉晨阮肇〉、〈袁相根碩〉等描述人神婚戀之他界故事，然而經過作者加以改寫，母題結構產生轉換，此一仙鄉情境便脫離傳統意蘊，化為《紅樓夢》作者設計鋪陳下的情節隱喻：進入秦可卿房，即是仙鄉之「進入與引導」，歷經「服食仙藥」、領受「天書與讖曲」與「人仙婚戀」帶來的情慾啟蒙，以及「仙凡時差」造成的驚異書寫效果，賈寶玉成為與太虛幻境相連繫的、具特殊意義的存在，而賈寶玉之於太虛幻境的關係與必去，以及大觀園崩潰的命運，一前一後貫穿整部《紅樓夢》，實為自現世之殘酷與苦難中，提供寶玉「回歸與啟悟」的契機，終而完成樂園回歸之圓形敘事結構，並解釋寶玉日後懸崖撒手的心理基礎與敘事原理，令紅樓大夢化成情悟相倚之書。

關鍵字

紅樓夢 ； 太虛幻境 ； 仙鄉 ； 寢夢遊仙 ； 啟悟儀式

並列摘要

The Realms of the Immortals tale rose at the Wei and Jin dynasty, it is the literary sketches which is common by time about Taoism, with the imitation by the literati on purpose, it peaked during the work of the Tang Legendary Novel, at the same time, as the key theme of the novel and drama of Yuan and Ming dynasty, and never faded for a long time, also, as one of the most important style of the History of Chinese Novel. The Realms of the Immortals tale can be called as the solid reflection of the philosophical thinking of gods and Tao, it is also the inheritance and transformation of the paradise myth, to express the dream and target of everlasting life concept and the peaceful governance of the ancient Chinese. The Dream of the Red Chamber, the novel of Qing dynasty also implement the prototype of the paradise to describe the illusion of the Great Universe, at the first glance, it seemed like the story about the love between god and human such as Liu Chen and Ruan Zhao and Yuan Xiang and Gen Shuo in the realm of the third party, through the rewrite by the author, the structure of the material body happens to occur a transformation, and this paradise left the traditional implication, and turned into the plot metaphor as implied by the author of the Dream of the Red Chamber. Entering the room of Qin Ke Qing, meant to be the ＂entrance and guidance＂ of the paradise, experiencing ＂taking the Elixir＂, receiving the ＂Heavenly Book and Prophecy Song and ＂the marriage and love between human and god＂ which brings out the lust enlightenment, and the ＂time difference between god's world and human world＂ made the surprisingly effect of writing, and Jia Bao Yu became the connection between the illusion of the Great Universe, as an existence with a special mean. However, the relation and a must go after all of Jia Bao Yu towards the Great Universe, and the fate of the collapse of the Garden of Da Guan, one after another, successively through the whole Dream of the Red Chamber, is in fact the cruelty and suffering of the actual world, and gave Bao Yu a chance of ＂regress and epiphany＂, and so complete the return of paradise as a rounded narrative structure, and explain the psychology and narrative theory of Bao Yu's letting go at the cliff, made the Dream of the Red Chamber a book of love and epiphany.

並列關鍵字

The Dream of the Red Chamber ； the Land of Illusion ； Realms of the Immortals ； traveling in the divine in sleep ； the ritual of epiphany