宋季與明季士儒「殉節」之思想較析

A Comparative Study of the Confucian Ideas of ＂sacrifice＂ in the Late Song Dynasty and the Late Ming Dynasty

鍾永興(Yung-Hsing Chung)

《弘光人文社會學報》 24期 (2021/07) Pp. 23-40

摘要

「殉節」為儒家思想中特有命題，殉節、守節者，往往是處於朝代更替之際，其言論行為之中對「殉節」的體會、展現，是種深層意識與人生哲理，既關乎外在歷史環境，如對政局、統治的判斷，認同與否。也關乎自身內在的思索與抉擇。「殉節」的實現者，尤其受孔孟學說薰陶，以仁、義、忠等德目為準則，亦可把「殉節」觀念，定義為一種義理判斷及道德思路。本文旨在建構宋季、明季儒者對「殉節」的思考脈絡，尋求在這段歷史裡，儒者對「殉節」觀點的連續與不連續，單一與多元，書與不書。闡述宋元與明清之際，思想家對「殉節」的看法產生歧異的情況，以及所欲突顯的精神價值，比較分析。

關鍵字

宋季 ； 明季 ； 殉節 ； 仁 ； 忠孝 ； 生死

並列摘要

＂Sacrifice＂ is a unique proposition in Confucianism. The sects and festival keepers are often at the time of dynasty replacement. The expression of ＂sacrifice＂ in their speech acts is a kind of deep consciousness and philosophy of life, which is related to the external historical environment. Such as judgments on political situation and rule, whether they agree or not. It's also about your own internal thinking and choice. Those with the concept of ＂sacrifice ＂ are especially influenced by the Confucian and Mencius doctrine. They take the morals of benevolence, righteousness, and loyalty as criteria, and can also define the concept of ＂sacrifice＂ as a kind of moral judgment and moral thinking. The purpose of this article is to construct the context of Confucian thoughts on ＂sacrifice＂ in the Song and Ming dynasties, and to seek the continuity and discontinuity of Confucians' views on ＂sacrifice＂ in this history. In the Song and Yuan dynasties and the Ming and Qing dynasties, a comparative analysis of the situation in which the thinkers have different views on ＂integrity＂ and ＂sacrifice＂, as well as the spiritual value they want to highlight.

並列關鍵字

Song season ； Ming season ； sacrifice ； benevolence ； filial piety ； life and death