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從孔孟荀孝道觀念論《左傳》「鄭伯克段于鄢」

Analysis of the Duke Zhuang of Zheng Defeated Duan at Yan through the Ideology of Filial Piety of Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi

摘要


《春秋》隱公元年(西元前722年)記載:「鄭伯克段于鄢」,《左傳》敘述其事件始末。然而,就此事而言,《左傳》有許多未詳細記載的情節,使得後人必須就已記載的部分推測合乎情理的事件發展過程。「鄭伯克段于鄢」一段,圍繞著君君、臣臣,兄兄、弟弟倫理糾結的問題,更複雜的,則是鄭莊公母親武姜,因「寤生」而討厭鄭莊公,從立儲就主張改立莊公弟叔段,即使莊公即位後,仍不改對叔段的偏愛,亟思以叔段取代莊公,最終引發兄弟兵戎相見這件事。《左傳》將這件事的結果,歸罪於鄭莊公無為兄、為君之道,共叔段也無為弟之本分,歷代以來,學者的討論頗多,雖有人認為鄭莊公做到了自己該做的事,但多數人幾乎將鄭莊公伐共叔段之事,認為鄭莊公必須承擔較多的過失,這兩種看法各有不同論點,卻也各自成理。《春秋》、《左傳》兩文的記載時間橫跨春秋、戰國兩個時間,因此,先以比較手法,論述《左傳》鄭伯克段于鄢及衞莊公愛子,即使有諍臣規勸,仍無法阻止兄弟鬩牆之事,此乃兩件雷同君不君、臣不臣、父不父、子不子所導致的悲劇,佐以《管子》「是故聖人飭此八禮以導齊民」,證成自君至民皆有受到人倫的「禮教」;其次,再從孔孟荀的孝道思想、公族的倫常教育、《左傳》不評武姜三小節,以與《左傳》成書時間約略接近的孔孟荀三人對「孝」的主張,與此事件的關係如何?從《禮記》的記載,說明當時公族倫常教育是存在的,但即使如此,仍然因為個人私心,釀成此事件的發生,由此進而探討「鄭伯克段于鄢」有關鄭莊公、共叔段評語是否公允?但得到的推論是,更該注意的是武姜在整個事件中應當承擔更大的罪過。

關鍵字

春秋 左傳 孝道 鄭伯克段于鄢 經書

並列摘要


The story of "Duke Zhuang of Zheng Defeated Duan at Yan" is one of the essays in the Commentary of Zuo. The story describes the eccentric mother of Duke Zhuang and the conflicts between him and his brother. The significance of the meaning of kindness, the definition of kingship, fatherhood, brotherhood and the ethics behind them resonate down the centuries. The Book of Rites indicates that the education of filial piety was emphasized in the era. Therefore, Confucius, Mencius, and Xunzi all regard Duke Zhuang to be blamed for not fulfilling the obligation of educating his brother which caused the wars between the two. However, the author of the paper has a different point of view toward it. He argues that except for the duke, Wujiang, the mother of Duke Zhuang of Zheng is to be blamed for her unequal treatment toward her sons.

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