尼采生命哲學的審美體現和教育啟示

近二十多年來，台灣社會經歷一連串的教育改革，努力解放種種束縛，還給學生主體性與自由，但在自由後，學子要如何學習運用自由和創意，建構和提昇自我生命和生存的樣態，透過尼采的生命哲學，可以得到一些啟示。尼采批判西方傳統理性哲學和基督教文化，認為其虛構一套形上的標準和規範，要求人類順從於單一且外在於自身的普遍性道德和價值，使得人類喪失主體權利，也喪失思考和判斷的自主能力，造成生命有的是任重道遠的承擔和壓抑，卻不再是值得歡愉或贊美的人生。尼采肯定真實人生與生命本質，認為哲學與個性無法分離，人只要有其個性，必定有其個性的哲學。這種蘊涵個性和情意的生命哲學，透過「視角主義」、「強力意志」及「價值重估」等概念呈現生命的多元、差異、不確定和活力。從《悲劇的誕生》一書起，藝術與生命的交織就貫穿尼采一生的思想，我們如同希臘悲劇英雄一般，在毀滅與抗爭之中，在苦痛與歡愉之間，經歷千錘百鍊，造就生命的超越和偉大，人生本是藝術品或藝術活動，我們就是自我的創造者和判斷者，他要求我們用審美的眼光真誠地面對人生，審慎思考人生，行動人生。因此，在教育上，除了保有學生的主體性和自由外，更要引導學生肯定自我本質，並自我克服和超越；形塑自我人格，兼具理性與感性；開展生命的視野，能夠轉位思考；真誠面對人生與命運，鍛鍊強力意志；審慎思考和體驗生命，設定自我意義和價值。

關鍵字

生命哲學；視角主義；強力意志；價值重估

並列摘要

In the past two decades, Taiwan society has undergone a series of educational reforms, striving to liberate all kind of shackles, and give students subjectivity and freedom. However, after then, how do students learn to use their freedom and creativity construct and promote the life style and survival attitude. Some enlightenment can be gained from the life philosophy of Nietzsche. Nietzsche criticized the western traditional religion and metaphysics those were concerned with gaining truth and knowledge that outside of ourselves. He was engaged in a positive program to reaffirm life, and he called for a radical, naturalistic rethinking of the nature of human existence, knowledge, and morality. He claimed the exemplary human being must realize his/her own self-realization and do so relying on the true life. Nietzsche confirmed the real life and living. Individuality and philosophy are interactive each other. Philosophy is embryonic in individuality, and embodies individuality. We need multi-perspectives to perceive our life and the world. His life philosophy stressed the creation and glory of our lives. He required we must inspire the will to power, advance the revaluation of values, and form the style of self-life. Starting from the book ＂the birth of tragedy＂, the ideas of art and life interweaved over the all of Nietzsche's philosophy. He claimed we are the creators and judges of self-life, we must struggle and transcend beyond the fate as tragic hero, and appreciate the works of our life with an esthetic vision. The enlightenment of Nietzsche's life aesthetics in education is as follows: 1)affirm the essence of self-life, and overcome and surpass yourself; 2)Shape self-personality, both rational and affective; 3)develop the vision of life and be able to think in different positions; 4)face life and destiny sincerely, exercise strong will; 5) think carefully and experience life, and set self-meaning and value.

並列關鍵字

life philosophy ； perspectives ； will to power ； revaluation of values

國際替代計量

尼采生命哲學的審美體現和教育啟示

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