《左傳》「絰皇」、「窒皇」問題探究

《左傳》的「絰皇」與「窒皇」，杜預皆以門闕來說明。近人許子濱亦對此說補充論證。但從先秦的葬俗習慣來看，埋在門闕之下的往往是人牲，故鬻拳死後若埋在門闕處，其待遇如同人牲一般，故此說就得重新考慮。其次，根據楚國的墓葬材料進一步考察，可以發現楚王的墓葬中，臣子大都葬在主墓冢的南側處，以此而論，絰皇所在的位置也當在楚王冢的南側。「古人事死如事生」，依墓葬的情況再來反推生人住所的窒皇，其所在位置也可以進一步推定。窒皇不會離寢宮太遠，考量窒皇所在位置當即路寢中的宮室前，寢門之後，加上此地需要著鞋，同時「皇」也有空虛之意，那麼依此可以推定窒皇是指路寢中庭，此即窒皇何以為庭之實際意義。

關鍵字

左傳；絰皇；窒皇；闕；路寢；庭

並列摘要

＂Diehuang＂ and ＂Zhihuang＂ of Zuo's Commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals are explained by Du Yu with Menque. Modern scholar Xu Zibin also added supplementary arguments to it. However, seen from the burial habits of the pre-Qin Period, it is often human beings sacrifice buried under the Menque. Therefore, if Yuquan was buried at the Menque after his death, the treatment would be like a human being sacrifice, so the theory has to be reconsidered. Secondly, through further investigation according to the tomb materials of Chu State, it can be found in the tombs of kings of Chu that the officials were mostly buried on the south side of the main tomb. In this way, the location of Diehuang is also on the south side of the tomb of the king of Chu. ＂The ancients treat the dead as if they were alive.＂ If we reversely presume the Zhihuang as the residence of live people according to the situation of the tombs, the location can be further presumed. Zhihuang will not be too far from the imperial burial place, and it is considered that the position of the Zhihuang is in front of the palace of the imperial burial place and behind of the door of imperial burial place, with the addition that it is necessary to wear shoes here and the ＂Huang＂ also has the meaning of emptiness, then it can be presumed that Diehuang refers to the middle courtyard of the imperial burial place. This is why the Diehuang is the practical meaning of courtyard.