明清科舉夢兆中的「天榜」想像

雖然唐代以來便有「官皆由天」之說，但「天榜」一詞最早卻見於宋代，當時所指為唐代進士登第時，書有進士姓名之「牓帖」，無關鬼神志異之色彩。然而明代中葉以降，「天榜」卻成為科舉預兆故事中的常見類型，尤其是「夢天榜」，流傳許多「夢中見榜而現實成真」之事，從當時墓誌銘與傳記等生平資料來看，擁有天榜經歷可視為一種顯揚聲名的獨特備註。在文人筆記的傳鈔變化之中，天榜甚至成為明清之際勸善思想影響下的功過格之例子，具有揚善罰惡的功能。清代以降，天榜的故事類型更趨豐富，除了最基本的夢兆成真之外，尚出現許多夢與現實有巨大落差的記載，甚至有些還帶有惡作劇色彩。志怪筆記中則透過天榜之說，展現一種特有的他界想像。

關鍵字

天榜；前定；夢兆；科舉預兆

並列摘要

Although there has been a saying since the Tang Dynasty ＂officers are determined by the god＂, but the word ＂God's List＂ was first seen in Song Dynasty. It was referred to in the Tang Dynasty, successor who passed the imperial examination brought the ＂admission list＂ with successor's name on it, so it has nothing to do with ghosts and gods. However, in the middle of the Ming Dynasty, ＂God's List＂ became a common type in the dream omen of the imperial examination, spreading many things that ＂see the list in the dream but come true in reality＂. From the perspective of epitaphs and biographies at that time, having God's List experience can be regarded as a unique note of fame. In the changes of the notes of the literati, God's List even became an example of the merits and demerits books under the influence of the thoughts of exhortation of goodness in the Ming and Qing Dynasty, which had the function of promoting good and punishing evil. In the Qing Dynasty, the stories of God's List became richer, besides the most basic example which was the dream come true, there were still many dreams and realities with a huge gap between the records, and even some with a mischievous color. However, mystery novels show a unique imagination of the other world through the saying of the God's List.