從文章評點看南宋時文與古文「論體」之交涉及其意義－以柳宗元〈封建論〉、徐霖〈太宗治人之本〉為例

自北宋中期科舉考試改以策論取士，逐漸出現一些流弊，唐庚提出「以古文為法」，倡導時文學習古文法度；南宋文章評點的出現更促進古文與時文之互動、交流。首先，本文論述古文「論體」至時文「論學」發展，指出古文文法、時文程式逐漸相互融滲，在宋、元期間作「論」已成為專門學問。其次，以兩篇選文—中唐柳宗元〈封建論〉、晚宋徐霖〈太宗治人之本〉做具體討論，宋人雖批判柳文觀點，仍推許〈封建論〉「真可為作文之法」；而徐文之立論除源委於柳文外，尚反映當時理學思潮，並取法唐宋古文長處。此外，本文指出時文為命題作文，審題立意是前提，文章鋪陳皆自此前提開展，而逐漸形成一套程式，這應是時文與古文之重要分野。然古文文法、時文程式卻皆以「命意布局」為核心，除使用共通文法術語外，時文尚以程式術語具體標明文章結構脈絡，兩者融滲有助於文法精密，尤其可體現論體「析理精微」、「精密圓活」之追求。總之，「理精法密」亦是時文與古文「論體」融通之處。宋代以後，文章評點依然方興未艾，時文與古文之辯證亦爭論不休，在古典散文史上仍有繼續探究空間。

關鍵字

評點；論體；文法；時文；唐宋古文

並列摘要

The selection of talents based on political essays since the civil service examination in the mid-North Song Dynasty, some abuses gradually appeared. After Tang Geng proposed ＂using Tang-Song prose as the method＂, prose pingdian in the Southern Song Dynasty had promoted the interaction of Tang-Song prose and examination essay. First of all, this paper explores the ＂argumentation＂ in classic proses and examination essays, the writings gradually specialized and technical. Secondly, To analyze pros and cons of Liu Zongyuan's on feudalism, and how Xu Lin's Tang Taizong's political idea to learn it. Although the people of Song Dynasty criticized the viewpoint of Liu's article, they still praised it as worthy of study. Xu's some opinion was from Liu's article and learned the strengths of Tang-Song prose, but it reflected Cheng-Chu Neo-confucianism. Furthermore, thinking over the topic and forming a clear conception are the premise for the named composition of examination essays, laid out from this premise, and gradually form a set of procedures. This should be quite different between examination essay and classical prose. But they both used common terms of wenfa to show the structure and context of the article. The fusion of the two helps to logical precision. After the Song Dynasty, the books of prose pingdian continued to be published, and the dialectics of examination essay and classical prose were also debated. This topic should be continuously reseached in the history of classical prose.