「無」的哲理思辨化入太極拳藝

Transforming the philosophical thinking of ＂None＂ into the theory of Taijiquan

林葉連(Yeh-Lien Lin) ； 林諭勵(Yu-Li Lin)

《臺大體育學報》 40輯 (2021/03) Pp. 23-47

https://doi.org/10.6569/NTUJPE.202103_(40).0003

摘要

中國從上古時代開始，對於陰陽、虛實、有無等相對的字眼十分關注，認為陰陽相對，虛實相待，有無相生；尤其在《易經》、《老子》中明顯反映此類思想。本篇首先探討自古以來，「無」的妙理被應用在人生哲理、文藝美學以及生活日常的情況。在篇中已針對以上幾個不同的項目分別舉出實例。此外，處世哲學方面，戰國時期的《莊子》提出「得其環中，以應無窮」、「緣督以為經」和「虛己以游世」的哲理。養生專家致力於耕耘人體虛處的寶田，謂之「丹田」，又從練氣進而「尚意」，進而擴充到奇經八脈的修煉。以上這些哲理或要領，都被後世幾個太極拳學派消化、融入、吸收和應用了。太極拳從通體鬆透的原則，到強調分項放鬆；從單練、拳套，以至推手、走化；進而以「尚意神明」取代肢體蠻力，同時崇尚修身養性，淡薄無爭。由此可知，太極拳自始至終，都與「鬆」、「無」、「虛」、「空」的概念脫離不了關係。以其講究「無」、「無爭」，而後有《老子》所言：「天下莫能與之爭」的可能。

關鍵字

無 ； 有無 ； 太極拳 ； 陰陽 ； 虛實

並列摘要

Since ancient times, China has paid great attention to the relative words of Yin and Yang, emptiness and reality, and existence and absence. Yin and Yang are opposite, Emptiness and Reality complement each other, and Existence and Absence are mutually produced. Such thoughts are clearly reflected in The book of changes (Zhouyi) and Laozi. This paper first discusses the application of ＂None＂ in philosophy of life, aesthetics of literature and situation of daily life since ancient times. In this paper, examples have been given for the above several different projects. Besides, in terms of philosophy of life, Zhuangzi in the Warring States period puts forward the philosophy of ＂A correct understanding of the real situation of the opposition between things is the key to master the road. Therefore, we can adapt to the endless changes of things＂ ＂follow the path of emptiness as the regular rule＂ and ＂empty oneself to travel the world＂. Health experts devote themselves to cultivating the precious land where the human body is empty, which is called the ＂Dantian＂. Furthermore, from practicing Qi to ＂advocating will＂, health experts have expanded to the cultivation of eight extra meridians. The above philosophy or essentials are digested, integrated, absorbed and applied by several schools of Taijiquan in later generations. The practice of Taijiquan begins with the principle of loose body, and then emphasizes relaxation by each part. From the single form practice, the whole set of martial art moves, to pushing hands, as well as the method of defusing the enemy's attack. In the advanced stage, the emphasis is placed on ＂advocating spiritual will＂ instead of the use of physical brute force. At the same time, people who practice Taijiquan also pay attention to self-cultivation and do not compete with others. From this we can see that Taijiquan cannot be separated from the concepts of ＂Loose＂, ＂None＂, ＂Empty＂ and ＂Absence＂ from the beginning to the end. Because it pays attention to ＂None＂ and ＂No Competition＂, thus there is the possibility that ＂no one in the world can compete with him＂ according to Laozi.

並列關鍵字

None ； Existence or Absence ； Taijiquan ； Yin and Yang ； Emptiness or Reality

參考文獻

王弼、韓康伯注，孔穎達疏 (1985)。周易正義。臺北市：藝文印書館。

[春秋]老子著，余培林 (1982)。新譯老子讀本。臺北市：三民書局。

[戰國]莊周著，郭慶藩集釋 (1989)。莊子集釋。臺北市：世界書局。

[戰國]莊周著，黃錦鋐註譯 (1983)。新譯莊子讀本。臺北市：三民書局。

[西漢]劉向著，左松超註譯 (1996)。新譯說苑讀本。臺北市：三民書局。