從族裔聯邦主義到公民中央集權：俄羅斯聯邦民族政策之研究

本文以新制度主義為研究途徑，從「路徑應變」的概念來探討俄羅斯聯邦的民族政策。獨立後的俄羅斯在國家制度與國族認同需要重組及重新界定的情況下，民族政策經歷了葉爾欽時期的族裔聯邦主義模式（主動式制度設計）到普丁時期的公民中央集權模式（被動式制度設計）的演變過程。雖然主動式制度設計強調國家能力因素，但葉爾欽時期受制度遺緒因素的制約，民族問題影響著俄羅斯獨立後的憲政體制與民族政策的制定，使族裔聯邦主義式的政策在執行及後續效果均面臨諸多問題。普丁在葉爾欽時期所建立的制度架構下透過中央集權提出「去族裔式」的政策與公民認同，且其中國家能力因素較強。此外，與葉爾欽時期的「多元的族群差異」的制度遺緒不同，普丁時期制度遺緒強調「合一」、「一統」的強國、愛國與團結的價值觀並以此作為整合社會建立認同的基礎。

關鍵字

俄羅斯聯邦民族政策；族裔聯邦主義；公民中央集權；路徑應變

並列摘要

The paper discusses the Russian Federation's policy towards nationalities from the concept of ＂path contingency＂, which derives from the approach of institutionalism. While it requires restructuring and redefinition of the state system and the national identity after the collapse of communism, the nationality policy of Russian Federation has developed from the ethno-federalism (active institutional design) of Yel'tsin to the civic-centralism (passive institutional design) under Putin. Although the active design emphasizes the national capacity factor, the states capacity under the Yel'tsin presidency was not able to overtake the constraints of the institutional legacies. Therefore, institutional legacies of ethnicity was affecting the development of the Russian Federation's constitutional system and national policy after its independence, as well as make the policy of ethno-federalism-type faced with many problems in its implementation and effect. Under the institutional framework established by Yeltsin, Putin proposed the ＂de-ethnic＂ policies and civic identity by way of centralization of power. From the institutional design of national policies under Putin the obvious national capacity factor can be observed. In addition, the influence of institutional legacies under Putin is different from the legacies of ＂diversity of ethnicity＂ of Yel'tsin. They are ＂the values since ancient times＂, so-called by Putin, in Russian history, which are used as a basis for identity shaping and social integration. Such values are unrelated to ＂diversity of ethnicity＂, but stressed on ＂unity＂ of a power, patriotism and solidarity.