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  • 期刊

The Maritime Forces and the Local Society of Matsu, Late 1930s-Early 1950s

馬祖列島的海上武裝勢力與地方社會-自1930年代後期至1950年代早期

摘要


A variety of local armed forces emerged along the coast of Fujian Province, including the archipelago of Matsu (馬祖列島) in the early twentieth century. These forces remained robust during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945). One force called Fujian Heping Jiuguojun (福建和平救國軍; FHJ) based in Matsu cooperated with the Japanese Navy, and was active across the waters surrounding Matsu. After the Kuomintang (KMT) relocated to Taiwan after losing the war to the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1949, a Haishang Baoan Zongdui (海上保安縱隊; HBZ) was founded on Matsu. Under the KMT's direction, this force consisted of former leaders and soldiers of the FHJ and some other armed forces. Based in Matsu, the HBZ initiated guerilla attacks to the Chinese Mainland controlled by the CCP in the early 1950s. The past decade has seen a growing body of studies about Kinmen (金門), the other "Cold War island". By contrast, the Taiwanese scholarship about Matsu remains scanty; no relevant studies have been carried out by scholars in Japan to date. This article enriches Matsu studies through exploring the histories of local maritime forces and their relationships with local society during wartime. It also contributes to the historical studies of warfare in southern China through unravelling interactions between the Japanese Navy and the FHJ revolving around Matsu. This article brings to light the hitherto unexplored links between the warfare in the 1940s and the Taiwan-China conflicts following the Civil War in the early 1950s through scrutinizing the connections between the FHJ and the HBZ. Moreover, a bottom-up historical perspective is highlighted by drawing on the Matsu islanders' oral recollections about the significant impacts brought by these maritime forces on the local society.

並列摘要


中華民國成立初始,軍閥混戰之際,於福建沿海一帶出現各種地方武裝勢力,如土匪、海盜、與「民軍」。這些武裝勢力於中日戰爭初期互相吸收合併,成立了「福建和平救國軍」,並與日本海軍建立合作關係。後來以馬祖為根據地的和平救國軍,在這一帶海域征收保護費,其蠻橫之舉尤為側目。然而,由於該武裝勢力與日本海軍的聯繫,馬祖列島得以免於戰火,島民也不受國民黨的徵兵政策所拘束。此外,值得注意的是,和平救國軍在福建沿海進行的秘密貿易(如鴉片),累積了大量財富,其中一部分與南竿島的初步開發密切相關。日本戰敗投降之後,和平救國軍因為先前便與國民黨建立聯繫,而免於叛國之罪。國共內戰末期,在國民黨指示下,原和平救國軍與一些其他武裝勢力整併,成立了「海上保安縱隊」。該部隊於1950年代初期,趁著中國共產黨將注意力轉向朝鮮戰爭,以馬祖白犬島為根據地,對中國大陸進行一系列游擊攻擊。目前已有許多對於金門,另一個「冷戰島嶼」的學術研究。相較之下,有關馬祖列島的研究,不僅在台灣學界仍相當有限,就管見所及,日本學界至今也尚未出現相關的研究。對此,本文透過綜合引用各種日文與中文資料,具體指出於二十世紀前半段,馬祖列島上的武裝勢力在中日戰爭與隨後的國共衝突中所扮演的重要角色,對馬祖近代歷史的研究做出貢獻。此外,在中日戰爭研究中,關於華北、上海和汪精衛政權的研究有很多,但有關華南戰線的研究卻鳳毛麟角。因此,本文透過釐清日本海軍、興亞院廈門聯絡部、與福建和平救國軍之間的關係,也有助於豐富華南戰線的研究。本文也呈現馬祖居民對於過去武裝勢力相關的口述歷史,呼應目前冷戰歷史研究中,主張從地方社會和人民的視角來看歷史的重要性。

參考文獻


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