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  • 期刊

滿州國高等學校體育課程初探(1932-1945年)

The Study of Physical Education in Man-Chou Kuo's Superior Schools (1932-1945)

摘要


二十世紀初,日本除了統治台灣以外,另有位處中國東北的滿洲國,亦深受日本政權的影響和重視。而高等學校是國家栽培各項機要人才的所在,體育在殖民政策中亦是重要的一環。因此,研究滿洲國高等學校體育活動的發展,將有助於瞭解日本殖民統治時期高等教育體育政策之全貌。本研究之研究目的是,籍由考察滿洲國之時代背景,究明高等學校體育課程之目標,進而探究高等教育中體育課程的內容和方法。本研究以歷史研究法,探究滿洲國高等學校體育活動之發展。研究範圍為1932年滿洲國成立,迄1945年滿洲國瓦解為止。因為此階段時局動盪,相關之體育史料不易收集,乃本研究之限制。根據本研究發現以下結果:一、滿洲國雖為獨立國家,但在政治、經濟、軍事、文化、教育等方面均受日本的掌控。而整個教育政策,更隨著日本軍事策略的演化而改變。二、滿洲國初期,因時局動盪,高等教育不彰。新學制階段的教育目標以建國精神為主,戰時體制階段則以完成大東亞聖戰為依歸,滿洲國體育課程的發展,幾乎看不到體育科陶冶性情、活絡身心、娛樂大眾的基本精神。三、滿洲國初期,多數大學並未設置體育課,而以軍訓課替代。新學制階段,高等學校體育課程的內容,普通大學部分的體育課程是可有可無,並非強調的重點。特殊大學部分則以勤勞實習與軍事訓練來鍛鍊身心,完全沒有體育之概念。戰時體制教育階段,大學教育處在為戰爭提供勞動力資源的景況,學生不但無法正常上課,更無餘力從事體育活動。總之,教育宗旨中所謂的重視身心鍛鍊的目的,只為適應日本在滿洲國所實施的各樣政治、經濟、軍事策略,為其提供所需的人力資源。

關鍵字

滿洲國 高等學校 體育科

並列摘要


In the beginning of 20th century, besides Taiwan, Man-chou Kou, which was in northeast China, was also ruled and influenced by Japan a lot. Superior school, at that time, was an important place to nurse government officials' and physical education (P.E.) was an important part in the colonial policies. Therefore, investigating the development of the P.E. activities in Man-chou Kou can help us understand the overall appearance of the superior school P.E. in the era of Japanese colonialization.The purpose of the study is to investigate the goal of superior school P.E. curriculum in Man-chou Kou, and further to understand the content and method of superior school P.E. curriculum.The method used in this study is historical research to investigate the development of superior school P.E. activities in Man-chou Kou. The range of the study is from 1932 when Man-chou Kou was established to 1945, in which year Man-chou Kou collapsed. The limitation of the study is that the limited data left due to the unstable national situation at that time.According to the study, the following results are found:1.Although Man-chou Kou was an independent country, it was controlled by Japan in politics, economy, culture and education. The whole education policies were changed with Japan's military needs.2.In the initial stage of Man-chou Kou, superior education did not run normally. The education goal in new school system stage was focused on national reconstruction; in the at-war system stage, the goal was focused on the holly war in the great East Asia area. In the P.E. curriculum of Man-chou Kuo, we can not see the fundamental component of P.E., such as cultivating personality, working out and entertainment.3.Most college do not have P.E. classes when Man-chou Kuo was just established, instead they have Military training classes. In new school system stage, P.E. was not a focused subject in general colleges, but in the some specific colleges, they trained students' body by labor work and military training, and none of P.E. activities was involved. In the at-war stage, the college education focused on providing resources for the war. The students could not even go to school on schedule, not to mention about the P.E. activities.In sum, all the P.E. activities in Man-chou Kuo were all for providing human resources needed by Japan, and for adapting the political, economical and military policies implemented by Japan in Man-chou Kou.

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