著重軍事訓練的漢代競技性蹴鞠研究

The Research on Hang Dynasty Competitive Tzu-Ju with Emphasis on Military Training

莊瑞平(Jui-Ping Chuang)

《大專體育學術專刊》 96年度 (2007/05) Pp. 6-11

https://doi.org/10.6695/AUES.200705_96.0002

摘要

中國古代蹴鞠在起源期便具有雙重性質，即「練兵」和「遊戲」。本研究以歷史研究法，旨在探討漢代以軍事訓練對抗為主的競技性蹴鞠之發展，客觀地推動了中國古代蹴鞠運動基本模式的建立，競技性蹴鞠在漢代的發展，並形成了中國古代蹴鞠發展的一個高峰時期。西漢，蹴鞠在社會娛樂性逐步讓位於戰爭需要，其軍事價值凸現，而蹴鞠中的軍事練武性質和對抗競賽方式必然是由當時的社會需要所決定的。漢代初年天下統一，雖然沒有再發生重大戰亂，但是國境周邊環境並不安定，特別是北方，總是飽受匈奴族的侵擾，使邊塞不得安寧，這也致使漢代從未懈怠過戰備練兵，「今軍事無事，使得蹴鞠」，蹴鞠成了練兵的手段方法之一。除此之外，當時朝廷甚至對於蹴鞠格外重視，甚至改變了軍隊考察和軍禮項目，將蹴鞠列入軍隊考察的典禮之中，蹴鞠在軍隊訓練中的重要地位不言而喻。作為軍事訓練手段以及軍事競爭發展間有著密不可分的關係，當政者和人民亦在蹴鞠活動的體驗中，認識了它的軍事價值。因此，著重軍事訓練競技性蹴鞠是漢代蹴鞠發展的一個重要媒介。

關鍵字

古代 ； 軍隊 ； 活動 ； 練兵

並列摘要

Ancient Chinese football had dual-natures even in its originating period: military training and recreation. During the time of West Hang, the recreation nature of Tzu-ju was gradually suppressed by the need of war preparation and its value for battle became evident. Due to the demands of its social context, Tzu-ju possessed military training contents and became a game of rival competition. After the unification in the beginning years of the Hang dynasty, although there were no more outbreaks of massive battles, the surrounding areas of the empire were unstable, especially to the northern borders where Hunnish disturbance constantly plagued the area. This made the Hang people never slacken on military training. As written in an ancient book, ”if there is no war today, play Tzu-ju”, Tzu-ju became a means of military training. Additionally, the regnal court particularly attached attention to Tzu-ju, and made it an event in the army inspections and military solutes. How important Tzu-ju was is no more than obvious. Being a means of military training, it has an inseparable relationship with the development of martial struggles. The ruling class and the people also get to recognize the military value of Tzu-ju after they take part in it. The military served as the major pushing medium in the development of the Hang dynasty Tzu-ju. This research aims at discussing how the military training contents of competitive Hang dynasty Tzu-ju subjectively established the sporting foundations of Chinese ancient football. The competitive Tzu-ju of Hang dynasty became the first peak of Chinese ancient football.

並列關鍵字

Tzu-ju ； Hang dynasty ； military training ； competitiveness