交織與越界：1820年代英國廢奴運動中伊莉莎白．海里克的論述與社會實踐

Intersection and Boundary Crossing: The British Anti-Slavery Discourses and Social Practices of Elizabeth Heyrick in the 1820s

陳恬緣(Chen, Tien-Yuan)

《史原》 復刊11期=32期 (2020/09) Pp. 149-216

https://doi.org/10.6672/shiyuan.202009_(32).0004

摘要

本文以伊莉莎白．海里克（Elizabeth Heyrick, 1769-1831）為中心，探討1820年代英國廢奴運動從漸進轉為立即廢除的歷史進程。作為英國首位主張立即廢除奴隸制度的社會運動者，海里克面臨社會輿論、性別角色與政治利益交織的多重困境。是故，本研究探究海里克如何從困境中找尋發聲的管道與資源，以推動立即廢奴主張與抵制西印度奴隸製糖運動。為釐清海里克之主張與行動間的互動關係，本文先分析其書面論述，再據此深入地方實踐。第一部分以海里克1824年出版的4份作品為主軸，解析其立即廢奴主張如何交織宗教／人道以及經濟／國家兩方論述，並處理其主張的社會對話脈絡。第二部分從越界視角探討1825-1830年間的抵制西印度奴隸製糖運動，考察海里克如何整合其人際網路，創建女性廢奴協會，並動員不同社會階級與性別群體，將抵制運動落實到地方。同時，關注女性運動者如何透過行動重新定義性別關係。

關鍵字

伊莉莎白．海里克 ； 英國廢奴運動 ； 立即廢奴 ； 性別分離領域

並列摘要

This paper explores the historical process of abolitionism from gradual to immediate emancipation in the British anti-slavery movement in the 1820s, centering on Elizabeth Heyrick (1769- 1831, hereafter Heyrick), the first British activist who advocated the immediate abolition of slavery. As the initiator, the multiple predicaments Heyrick confronted were inextricably intertwined with social opinions, gender roles, and political interests. Given the plight, this paper analyzes how Heyrick applied social resources and establish channels to make immediate emancipation and boycott movement possible. This paper separates Heyrick's written discourses from local practices to clarify the relationship between her claims and actions. As for the written discourses, this paper focuses on Heyrick's four pamphlets published in 1824 to examine how Heyrick constructed pivotal arguments for her immediate abolition claim. As for her local practices, this paper analyzes, from a boundary-crossing perspective, how Heyrick integrated her social network to mobilize different classes and gender groups in the boycott movement she promoted from 1825 to 1830, so that the movement could be implemented locally. This paper also observes how middle-class women constructed their gender identities and empowered themselves in the abolitionist movement.

並列關鍵字

Elizabeth Heyrick ； British anti-slavery movement ； separate spheres ； immediate abolition

參考文獻

A Brief Sketch of the Life and Labours of Mrs. Elizabeth Heyrick. Leicester: Crossley and Clarke, 1862.

Beale, Catherine Hutton. Catherine Hutton and Her Friends. Birmingham: Cornish Brothers, 1895.

Clarkson, Thomas. Thoughts on the Necessity of Improving the Condition of the Slaves in the British Colonies: With a View to Their Ultimate Emancipation; and on the Practicability, the Safety, and the Advantages of the Latter Measure. London: R. Taylor, 1823.

Female Society for Birmingham, West Bromwich, Wednesbury, Walsall, and for the Relief of British Negro Slaves their Respective Neighbourhoods. The Fifth Report of the Female Society for Birmingham, West Bromwich, Wednesbury, Walsall, and Their Respective Neighbourhoods, for the Relief of British Negro Slaves, Established in 1825. Birmingham: B. Hudson, 1830.

Fox, William. An Address to the People of Great Britain, on the Propriety of Abstaining from West India Sugar and Rum. 10th ed. London: Sold by M. Gurney, 1791.