「層累、匯聚地造成的」地域古史系統－以先秦越國歷史的敘述為中心

Accumulation and Aggregation in the Construction of Local Narratives of Ancient History: The Historical Narratives of the Ancient State of Yue and Their Interpretation

魯西奇(Xi-Qi Lu)

《歷史人類學學刊》 11卷2期 (2013/10) Pp. 23-83

摘要

關於先秦越國歷史與文化的認識與敘述，不僅是由不同時期的相關記載與傳說不斷累積而成，亦即「層累地造成」的，還是由來自不同地域的認識逐步匯聚、逐漸融匯而成，亦即「匯聚地造成」的。先秦時期有關越國歷史與文化的敘述，可區分為三個地域知識系統：（1）越人自身的認識與敘述，（2）楚人有關越人的認識，（3）中原士人有關越人的認識。這三個知識系統，在西漢中期匯聚在一起，司馬遷據之而纂成《史記．越王句踐世家》，提供了一個關於越國歷史的系統敘述體系。後世學者多因襲其說，且兼採志怪小說之所言，「相容並蓄」，附會成說，從而使有關先秦越國歷史的敘述越來越豐富、系統，也越來越紛歧、複雜。由關於先秦越國歷史敘述的「層累」與「匯聚」，或可推論：關於先秦地域歷史乃至中國古史的敘述與闡釋，實源自不同地域的知識系統；自秦漢統一之後，逐步融合匯聚而成為一個統一的知識體系；後世乃至今日之敘述，乃是融匯不同時期、不同地域的相關認識與敘述而成的，故可稱為「層累、匯聚地造成的地域古史系統」。

關鍵字

歷史敘述 ； 越國 ； 地域知識系統 ； 匯聚

並列摘要

Narratives about the history and culture of the ancient state of Yue in south China, developed not only through the ＂accumulation＂ of historical legends and documents but also through the ＂aggregation＂ of different narratives from multiple places. Narratives about Yue in the pre-Qin period can be divided into three basic types: 1. narratives and interpretation produced by the people of Yue themselves; 2. narratives of Yue in documents from the ancient state of Chu, and 3. the narratives of Yue in documents from the Central Plains. During the western Han these three knowledge systems gradually became integrated into a single narrative. It was on the basis of this narrative that Sima Qian compiled the ＂Genealogy of the House of King Goujian of Yue＂ chapter of the Records of the Grand Historian. This more systematic narrative of Yue was largely accepted by subsequent scholars, who also incorporated material from the supernatural tales (zhiguai) tradition into their own accounts. Thus the narratives of Yue became richer and more complex. Historical narratives about other locales and indeed about China as a whole probably underwent similar processes of accumulation and aggregation. After the Qin-Han political unification, these narratives were unified into a single knowledge system. Up to the present day, historical narratives continue to be formed out of knowledge from different times and different places, in a process of ＂local historical narrative formation through accumulation and aggregation＂.

並列關鍵字

historical narratives ； ancient Yue state ； local knowledge system ； accumulation and aggregation