講了三遍的故事－一個苗疆邊緣族群的歷史、神話與現實

Three Versions of a Story: History. Myth and Reality in a Community along the Miao Pale

劉壯(Zhuang LIU)

《歷史人類學學刊》 15卷1期 (2017/04) Pp. 127-170

摘要

重慶市秀山縣梅江鎭民族村位於貴州省松桃縣，湖南省花垣縣接壤的苗疆邊緣地帶，在這一地域中居住的苗族對自己的族源有着獨特的傳說，這是觀察華夏以及蠻夷（苗疆）的內部認同與外部區分的切入點。通過對族源傳說敘事模式的梳理，可以看到該地域的苗族族群在族群歷史的自我表述中所隱含的歷史記憶；同時，通過當時的地方與國家，蠻夷與華夏的互動，可以窺見在不斷表述的歷史記憶背後所蘊含的「不表述」的結構性遺忘。正是通過記憶與認同，遺忘與區分的探討，可以對「華夏邊緣」這一研究範式所提出的「英雄祖先」與「弟兄民族」的族群歷史敘事模式作出更為深入地思考：在半溝苗族所處華夏、土司、蠻苗並存的苗疆邊緣地帶，從蠻夷到華夏，形成了苗（生苗）、蠻（熟苗）、土（土司、土官、土民），漢一層攀一層的認同攀附格局；而與此相對應，從華夏到蠻夷，則形成了漢、土（土司、土官、土民）、蠻（熟苗）、苗（生苗）一層貶一層的區分模式。族群的認同與區分，基於共同的族源敘事，而族源敘事又基於共同的歷史記憶和結構性遺忘，這一切都取決於族群所處的社會情境。這不僅決定着半溝苗族對遷徙故事的記憶和講述，更決定着對其盤瓠族源和清代歷史的選擇性遺忘。

關鍵字

苗疆邊緣 ； 歷史記憶 ； 族群認同 ； 結構性遺忘

並列摘要

The village of Minzu is located in Meijiang township, Xiushan county, Chongqing municipality, in the Miao- inhabited zones of the Hunan- Sichuan border area. The distinctive legends that local Miao people hold about their origins provide an opportunity to explore ethnic identity cohesion and differentiation between Huaxia (Han Chinese) and Miao. These origin legends reveal historical memories of the local Miao people that are concealed within the more explicitly historical narratives of their origins. At the same time, the interaction between locality and state and between Huaxia and Miao reveals the implicit structural amnesia that lies behind continuously re- narrated historical memory. The study of memory/identity, amnesia/distinction enables a deeper insight into two common modes of historical narration in the Han border regions: the ＂heroic ancestor＂ and the ＂band of brothers＂. In the Bangou region where Han, Miao and native chieftaincy (tusi) systems co-existed, during the transformation from Miao barbarian (Manyi) to Han there emerged a hierarchical structure of identity from primordial Miao, semi-assimilated Miao (known as Man) chieftaincy to Han. A similar but not identical set of differentiations also emerged. The identity and distinctions of an ethnic group is based on a common origin narrative. But the common origin narrative is based both on historical memory and structural amnesia. Both are shaped by the surrounding social context. This has not only affected the memories and migration narratives of the Bangou Miao, but also their selective amnesia of their Panhu origins and their history in relation to the Qing dynasty.

並列關鍵字

Miao pale ； historical memory ； ethnic group recognition ； structural amnesia