從藏傳佛教到伊斯蘭教－14至17世紀宗教轉變下的哈密社會

From Tibetan Buddhism to Islam: The Religious Transformation of the Hami Society from the Fourteenth Century to the Seventeenth Century

陳志剛(Zhigang CHEN)

《歷史人類學學刊》 18卷2期 (2020/10) Pp. 1-27

摘要

本文通過文獻梳理，發現明代中期流行於西寧至安定衛、哈密一帶的噶瑪噶舉派對哈密忠順王繼承人選具有重要影響，明廷亦借助噶瑪噶舉派籠絡嘉峪關以西各處羈縻衛；從青銅佛教造像研究出發，綜合分析造像的藝術風格特徵，認為哈密博物館藏青銅鎏金綠度母造像大約鑄成於17世紀中期至18世紀早期，青銅白度母造像大約鑄成於15世紀，兩尊造像表明明代哈密應有藏傳佛教信仰存在。根據清代哈密回王家族的早期傳說，本文判斷1605至1606年中亞布哈拉汗國的伊斯蘭教納合什班底派打敗藏傳佛教噶瑪噶舉派，哈密當地畏兀兒人和蒙古人皈依伊斯蘭教，成為今天哈密維吾爾族的較近族源。研究表明，哈密不但處於東西方向的朝貢貿易路線之上，同時也處於北方蒙古大草原與青藏高原的過渡地帶，是藏傳佛教傳播的重要中繼點，具有南北地理通道的社會文化特徵。將哈密置於蒙藏漢民族關係史和蒙藏漢佛教史的框架裡，可以清晰地看到伊斯蘭教向東武裝傳致的社會阻力來自藏傳佛教的歷史事實。

關鍵字

明代 ； 哈密 ； 藏傳佛教 ； 伊斯蘭教

並列摘要

This article argues that the Karma Kagyu sect of Tibetan Buddhism, which was popular in the area from Xining to Anding- Wei and Hami in the mid-Ming dynasty, made an important impact on the selection of the successors to the King Zhongshun of Hami. The Ming court also took advantage of the Karma Kagyu sect to unite all the Jimi-Wei Station to the west of the Jiayuguan Pass. The artistic style of the bronze Buddhist statues preserved at the Hami Museum suggests that the gilt-bronze Green Tara statue was cast between the mid- 17th century and the early 18th century. The bronze statue of the White Tara was dated to around the 15th century. The statues show that Tibetan Buddhism existed in Hami in the Ming dynasty. Using the early legend of the Hui royal family in Hami in the Qing dynasty, this article points out that the Naqshbandi sect from the Khanate of Bukhara defeated the Karma Kagyu sect in 1605 to 1606. The Uygur (Weiwuer) and the Mongols in Hami converted to Islam and became the closer ethnic origin of today's Uyghurs in Hami. Hami is not only on the east-west tributary trade route but also in the transitional zone between the northern Mongolian steppe and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The society of Hami thus has the social and cultural characteristics of the north-south geographical corridor and is an important relay point for the spread of Tibetan Buddhism. Positioning Hami in the frame of the history of Mongolian-Tibetan-Han ethnic relations and the history of Mongolian-Tibetan-Han Buddhism, this article reveals how Tibetan Buddhism became a source of social resistance when Islam's armed missionary was marching east.

並列關鍵字

Ming Dynasty ； Hami ； Tibetan Buddhism ； Islam

參考文獻

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