核心與邊緣－馬來西亞沙巴原民性的形塑

Core and Margin: Shaping the Indigenousness of Sabah, Malaysia

吳佳翰(Bernard NG Jia Han)

《歷史人類學學刊》 18卷2期 (2020/10) Pp. 97-139

摘要

本文從前殖民、殖民時期和國族國家時期探討馬來西亞沙巴州原民性的形塑。其原民性雖源自殖民知識，但基於前殖民時期的非類屬性文化認同。此認同強調後天環境和行為的影響。英殖民者把強調先天的祖籍及血統的類屬性文化認同帶入，形成類屬性和非類屬性的混雜認同。卡達山民族主義的興起也把沙巴原民性推向類屬性文化認同。沙巴當地人（Native）的概念在二戰前傾向於國籍，不包括砂拉越當地人和西馬馬來人，使沙巴的原民性有別於砂拉越和西馬。馬來西亞成立後，沙巴原民性面對馬來化和伊斯蘭化兩種面向的影響，進而發展出地方主義和多元主義。近年來，沙巴漢（Sabahan）的地方認同高漲，使得當地原民性不被強調。地方主義者因回應核心的權威而弱化原民性。縱觀歷史，核心與邊緣是形塑沙巴原民性的主軸。

關鍵字

非類屬性 ； 地方主義 ； 多元主義 ； 伊斯蘭化 ； 馬來化

並列摘要

This article investigates the process of shaping the indigenousness of the Sabah state in Malaysia through pre-colonial, colonial, and nation-state periods. The concept of indigenousness originates from colonial knowledge but is based on the ＂unkinded＂ cultural identity since the pre-colonial era. The British colonists brought in the ＂kinded＂ cultural identity that emphasizes ancestry and lineage, which established the hybrid cultural identity of ＂unkinded＂ and ＂kinded＂. Before World War II, the concept of ＂Sabah Native＂ was closely related to nationality. Therefore, the indigenousness of Sabah was unique and had excluded Sarawak Native and Malays of the Peninsula. After the formation of Malaysia, the indigenousness was affected by two national agendas: Malayisation and Islamisation. Localism and pluralism thus emerged, and the recent ＂Sabahan＂ identity led to less emphasis on indigenousness. The localists weakened their indigenousness in response to the authority from the core area. In short, the interaction between the core area and the margin is the main axis that shapes Sabah's indigenousness throughout history.

並列關鍵字

unkindedness ； Localism ； Pluralism ； Islamisation ； Malaynisation

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