北臺灣三貂社的族群互動與濱海社會變遷（1683-1920）

Interaction Between St. Jago Tribe and Chinese in Northern Taiwan and Social Change in Littoral Society (1683-1920)

鄭螢憶(Yingyi ZHENG)

《歷史人類學學刊》 20卷2期 (2022/10) Pp. 75-124

摘要

本文指出18世紀以來三貂社人，在面對外在環境與族群勢力變動之際，能夠維持部落生計與維繫部落共同體，從而形塑多面向的族群互動關係，個中關鍵因素，是部落所處的「海洋環境」及其所採用的「生計模式」。海洋環境使得社番與漢人在符合官方制度規範的前提下，所訂立的墾佃契約的內相，是呈現「港灣與山林埔地」的不同營生模式。隨着19世紀初期漢人勢力的擴張，三貂社人從舊社遷移至新社地點。遷至新社的社人，面對發展山區與輸出山產的經濟需求，他們運用部落所處的水運交通優勢，配合原先善於利用港灣水域資源的生計行為，應對漢人群體對所處生存空間的競逐，避免了社人因經濟貧困而出現的離散。17世紀的三貂社人，受到海洋環境與貿易路線的影響，形塑成善於交易且具「商業性格」的族群性；19世紀的三貂社人則逐漸轉為在地、半漁半農，參與山林資源轉運的社會生計型態。在19世紀末，當漢人擴展勢力至新社部落時，社人則以遷建「山西祠」為策略回應，藉此凝聚部落。時至20世紀初期，又因應國家土地與大租政策規範，設置三貂祭祀公業。公業的成立，展現着社人面對新制度及做出調適的能動性，同時也在番漢族群認同出現混同之際，反饋形塑20世紀中期三貂社人的族群邊界。

關鍵字

三貂社 ； 祭祀公業 ； 濱海社會 ； 馬賽

並列摘要

This study explains how "seaside environments and livelihood models" enabled the St. Jago tribe to maintain a tribe-based livelihood and community as well as shape multi-faceted ethnic interactive relationships since the 18th century in the face of upheavals arising from external environments and ethnic powers. The seaside environment enabled the internal aspect of the indigenous settlements to enter into farming contracts with the Han Chinese to present through the terms of such contracts varied livelihood models dependent on "harbors and flat grounds amid mountain forests" under the premise of complying with official regulations. With the rising power of the Han Chinese in the early 19th century, the St. Jago tribe opted to move from their old settlement site to Xinshe where they utilized geographic advantages to access water transportation when facing the challenges of sustaining a living on the mountainside and transporting mountain produce. Specifically, they drew from their original livelihood techniques by accessing and utilizing harbor resources to compete against the spread of Han Chinese and to prevent population dispersal of the tribe due to poverty. As such, the St. Jago tribe in the 19th century became particularly adept at trading, and thus gradually shifted to a localized livelihood mixing farming and fishing while also taking part in the transportation and operation of mountain forest resources, a livelihood model that was different from that of the 17th century, as shaped by the oceanic environment and trading routes. By the end of the 19th century when the power of the Han Chinese reached the Xinshe settlements, the St. Jago tribe utilized the strategy of moving and re-building the Sanxi Ancestral Temple to promote a sense of tribal community. Furthermore, in response to regulations of national lands and rental policies in the early 20th century, an ancestor worship guild was established for the tribe. The establishment of the guild exhibits the St. Jago's flexibility to adjust to new situations. In the meantime, It contributed to the shaping of the ethnic boundaries of the St. Jago tribe in the mid-20th century during a time of mixed identity between the indigenous and Han Chinese.

並列關鍵字

St. Jago Tribe ； Basay ； Ancestor Worship ； Guild ； Littoral Society

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