義山墓冊中的海外華人社會史－英屬馬來亞雪蘭莪巴生福建義山研究（1920-1950年代）

Social History Information in the Records of the Malaysian Chinese Cemetery: A Case Study of Hokkien Cemetery for Chinese in Klang Selangor, British Malaya, 1920s-1950s

江柏煒(Bo-wei CHIANG)

《歷史人類學學刊》 20卷2期 (2022/10) Pp. 125-157

摘要

馬來西亞雪蘭莪州巴生（Klang）坐落於馬來半島西側中部，東距吉隆坡約35公里，是雪州的皇城，亦為巴生河谷的港口城市。19世紀起，隨着錫礦業的迅速擴張，加上樹膠產業的蓬勃發展，巴生地位變得重要。1901年9月巴生港開港，吸引了大量福建、廣東和印度淡米爾為主的移民，他們從事勞動工作、駁船航運或商業活動。1904年，巴生福建公所成立，以聯絡同鄉及為成員謀福利。1901年，洪宜樹捐獻中路口樹膠園一段，闢為義山，初由永春公司（公所）管理，後來成為福建公塚。福建會館保存了自1921年起，福建義山的墓冊資料，以華文與英文記錄卒者的姓名、祖籍地、年紀、死亡原因、住所、婚姻狀況、家庭成員等訊息，是瞭解巴生福建社群的珍貴社會史材料。義山（公塚、義塚、義莊）是海外華人社會處理移民喪葬的公共事務、移民社會共同體建構的過程、社群政治的自治機制、也是具有在地特徵的文化景觀。本研究以英屬馬來亞時期的雪蘭莪州巴生福建社群為例，探討義山作為一種具有社群政治與文化景觀意義的公共領域建構的動態過程。首先探討巴生福建會館在當地如何成為華人移民社會的整合機制，以及瞭解其於不同歷史時期所扮演的角色；進而以福建義山田野調查資料及墓冊材料，深入分析討論巴生福建社群的社會結構變遷與社群政治。最後，本文探究東南亞華人會館與義山作為一個機構（機制）而呈現的兩個課題：整合生者的社群政治及處理亡者的文化景觀，並探討其歷史功能與象徵意義。

關鍵字

華人會館 ； 義山 ； 社群政治 ； 文化景觀 ； 英屬馬來亞

並列摘要

Klang was a royal town and former capital of the state of Selangor, Malaysia. It is located in west-central Peninsula Malaysia, about 35 kilometers east of Kuala Lumpur and is the port city of the Klang Valley. From the 19th century, tin industry developed rapidly and Klang's importance increased. The early settlers began to mine tin along the river valley starting from the port area and gradually extended into the outlying areas surrounding Kuala Lumpur. In addition, the development of the rubber industry and the opening of the Port of Klang in 1901 attracted a large number of South China immigrants and Indian Tamil-based immigrants who moved to Klang to engage in manual labor, barge shipping or related businesses. The development of Klang occurred much earlier than Kuala Lumpur, and the settlers were mainly Hokkien (Southern Fujian) immigrants. In Klang, the Hokkien Guild (gongsuo) was established in 1904. Its main purpose was to forge closer relationships among members and seek welfare benefits for them. In 1901, Ang Yee Chew donated a part of the Zhonglukou rubber plantation to set up the Hokkien Cemetery. The cemetery was initially managed by the Eng Choon Kongsi (predecessor of the Eng Choon Association), and later became a public cemetery for Hokkien people. Since 1921, the documents relating to the Hokkien Cemetery have remained largely intact and are now preserved by the Hokkien Association. These documents record in Chinese and English the names of the deceased, their ancestral hometown, age, cause of death, residence, marital status, family members. They are precious social history materials for understanding the Hokkien community in Klang. The establishment of public cemeteries as a venue for dealing with funerals among the overseas Chinesewas part of a process of constructing an immigrant social community, an autonomous mechanism of community politics, and a cultural landscape with local characteristics. This research focuses on the Hokkien community in Klang, Selangor, British Malaya, and explores the dynamic process of the Chinese cemetery as a public domain within community politics and the cultural landscape. First, it analyzes how the Hokkien Association was an integration mechanism for the Chinese immigrant society in different historical periods. Furthermore, on the basis of fieldwork and archival research in the cemetery, it analyzes the changes to the social structure and cultural politics of the Hokkien community in Klang. Finally, it explores the Chinese association and its public cemetery as an institution that dealt both with the community politics of the living and the cultural landscape of the dead.

並列關鍵字

Chinese Association ； Public Cemetery ； Community Politics ； Cultural Landscape ； Hokkien Community ； British Malaya

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