「（辶日）迌人」、「做事人」與「艱苦人」：台灣無家者場域內的行動主體

Crooks, Laborers, and the Miserable: The Homeless in Taiwan as Subject Acting within Field

黃克先(Ke-hsien Huang)

《台灣社會學》 38期 (2019/12) Pp. 63-64

https://doi.org/10.6676/TS.201912_(38).03

摘要

台灣無家者現象日益受到社會大眾及學界注目，但被再現的樣貌多是孤離原子化且缺乏社會關係；此外，他們若非為受國家、資本主義等鉅觀結構決定的被動受害者，就是具備過度、無限制的能動性；結果，我們終未看見作為行動主體的無家者如何開展社交互動，並鑲嵌於整體社會過程之中。在此，我反省無家者領域文獻陷於客觀主義與主觀主義之缺憾，提出「場域內行動主體」的視角來分析無家者民族誌資料，論證無家者場域因江湖資本及身心狀態不同而區分成的三種無家者－「����迌人」、「做事人」與「艱苦人」。三種人因過往生命經驗形成迥異的習癖，搭配當前擁有的資源及無家環境的特性，形塑出各自謀生方式及生活策略。同時，三種人彼此也透過道德劃界工作，來建構自我認同並獲得尊嚴。但是無家環境普遍惡劣的條件及不確定性也常迫使他們反思並改變行為模式，以致在這三種類型穿梭。如此，我們可看見無家者經歷台灣經濟發展及身處慈善文化脈絡下的特殊生存樣貌，從其中也看得出他們雖努力求生但往往難脫貧脫遊，持續生活在這個有「魔力」的公園場域裡，實則陷於底層的社會再生產過程。

關鍵字

無家者 ； 場域 ； 行動主體 ； 習癖 ； 江湖資本

並列摘要

The homeless have been attracting increasing attention in Taiwan recently, but the way they are pictured is still caught between objectivism and subjectivism: The former tends to portray the homeless as passive victims inflicted upon by capitalism and the state, and the latter exaggerates the power of agency among the homeless. I develop a subject-acting-within- the-field lens to articulate the two perspectives, showing how the subjectivity of the homeless in Taiwan is realized in social interactions and social reproduction situated in the historical process of political economic and cultural development. Based on ethnographic data, I display how three types of homeless, defined via the possession of jiang-hu capital and physical-mental state, make their respective living differently, based on the interplay between their habitus shaped by previous lived experiences, their current resources, and the homeless environment. Meanwhile, they all construct identities and maintain their dignity by engaging against each other in moral boundary-making work. Through this paper, I demonstrate a particular process of social reproduction, where the homeless strive hard but fail to exit from poverty in the Taiwanese contexts of political economy and charity culture.

並列關鍵字

the homeless ； field ； habitus ； acting subject ； jiang-hu capital

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