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從殖民同化到多元尊重的新國族論述探討國家級博物館、國家敘述與原住民的關係

From Assimilation and the Discourse of New Nation-state on Multiculturalism to Review the Relationships among National Museums, National Narrative and Indigenous Peoples

摘要


2010 年,因國立臺灣史前文化博物館降級事件,引發政府重大中國文化而輕史前與原住民文化(「臺灣文化」之重要象徵)之批評,並牽引出行政院原民會設立國家級原住民博物館的主張。此浮現中的國家級博物館新挑戰,除了博物館中的原住民文化權問題,更隱含了國家敘述之競逐與整合的問題。2002 年,國立臺灣博物館原住民文物遺失事件,引發無黨聯盟主張「中央政府應設置原住民族博物館」,而設置原因之一為「國外均有國家級博物館的設立」。惟筆者整理美、加、澳、紐等國情形,並非均設有國家級原住民博物館,但皆在同化殖民轉向多元尊重的脈絡下,將原住民納入國家級博物館或國家敘述中,並統整原住民文化之保存與展示等博物館基礎事務。國家級博物館與原住民關係的轉變,有兩個主軸交疊並互為影響:一、博物館與原住民文化權的關係;二、新國族論述與國家敘述中原住民的角色。而原住民自身的權利力道及新博物館學的反思,扮演推動的角色。1990 年代,臺灣從「中華民族」轉向「多元文化」,「多元文化」一詞納入1997 年《中華民國憲法增修條文》。在新國族論述下,國家級博物館與國家敘述並未嚴肅地體現原住民作為國家認同的特殊角色。

並列摘要


The downgrading of the National Museum of Prehistory in 2010 sparked accusations that the government over-emphasizes Chinese culture at the expense of prehistoric and indigenous cultures. This led to the proposition that the Council of Indigenous Peoples establish a national museum dedicated to the indigenous people. In addition to the question of what right an indigenous culture has to be included in a museum, there are new challenges for national museums which imply the existence of a contested national narrative and which touch upon the issue of integration. In 2002, it was found that indigenous cultural objects at the National Taiwan Museum had gone missing. This spurred the Alliance of Independents to call for "the central government to establish a museum dedicated to the indigenous people". The Alliance argued that "other countries around the world have established such museums on a national level". However, from a close examination of the situations in America, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, not every advanced country with an indigenous population has such a museum. Rather, in the context of a shift from assimilation towards multiculturalism, some of these countries have integrated indigenous peoples into their national museums or national narratives, and have unified the preservation and exhibitions of indigenous cultures into the fundamental affairs of the national museum. The shifting of the relationship between national museums and indigenous peoples reveals two overlapping central issues which influence one another: the relationship between museums and the cultural rights of indigenous peoples and the role of indigenous peoples within the new nation-state discourse and national narrative. During the 1990s, Taiwan shifted from Chinese nationalism toward multiculturalism. Under the umbrella of the new nation-state discourse, national museums have yet to seriously reflect on the special role of indigenous people in the national identity of Taiwan.

參考文獻


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